Social Media Coca Cola Essay Sample free essay sample

Internet based life alludes to the organizations of collaborations among individuals where they make. partition. trade and comment on substance among themselves in functional networks and networks. Kinds of Social Media Various kinds of cultural media incorporate collective endeavors, for example, Wikipedia. web logs, for example, Blogger. cultural systems administration destinations, for example, Twitter and Facebook. content networks, for example, YouTube. what's more, commonsense universes, for example, Second Life. Internet based life and Marketing Web based life gives merchants a voice and a way to pass on with approaches. customers and potential purchasers. It customizes the â€Å"brand† and encourages you to circulate your message in a loose and casual way. Coca Cola and Social Media Marketing Each twenty-four hours. individuals examine. contention and include The Coca-Cola Company and our exchange names 1000s of on-line discussions. We perceive the basic significance of take separating in these on-line discussions and are focused on guaranting that we take an interest in on-line cultural media the correct way. We will compose a custom exposition test on Internet based life: Coca Cola Essay Sample or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page These Online Social Media Principles have been created to help approve our partners to participate in this new wilderness of selling and interchanges. represent our Company. what's more, parcel the idealistic and positive alcohols of our exchange names. Plan: Coca Cola late shared their selling program with the universe. demoing that they have really grasped the communitarian idea of Social Media. As segment of their Social Media conspire. Coke is seting the complement back on the shopper. They utilize dynamic narrating as bit of the substance imaginative action methodology. doing it intriguing. energizing and deliberate. Objectives: * Develop Social Media as an additional selling A ; marking divert ( in partnership with bing ‘traditional’ channels ) * To be everyplace their buyers are* Provide an arrangement of ways for buyers to partake in the arrangement Target Audience: Coke fans. pro fans. what's more, buyers Message:Tell account of the core exchange name and let shoppers to move frontward that message. Approach:Coke has applied what they call the ‘’4R’’ assault to Social Media utilization: * Reappraisal: Proctor and way online discussions about Coke * Respond: Reacting quickly and appropriately to comments on the web. ensure representatives entrusted to respond are ‘certified’ ( prepared to respond ) * Record: Cardinal advances and indexs of achievement Divert: Directing the cultural media traffic back to the main Coke site. guaranting there are connects on all locales The vision of the Company to achieve practical becoming on the web and disconnected is guided by certain mutual qualities that we live by as an association and as people: * LEADERSHIP: The valiance to decide a superior from now on ; * COLLABORATION: Leveraging our corporate driving force ;* INTEGRITY: Being existent ;* ACCOUNTABILITY: Acknowledging that on the off chance that it is to be. it’s up to me ; * PASSION: Showing committedness in chest and head ;* DIVERSITY: Being each piece comprehensive as our exchange names ; and* Quality: Guaranting what we do. we do great. These Online Social Media Principles are expected to portray how these qualities ought to be shown in the on-line cultural media boundless and to guide your commitment in this nation. both when you are think about splitting literally. each piece great as when you are proceeding onward sake of the Company. It is important that we ever recover who we are ( a selling organization ) and what our capacity is in the cultural media network ( to develop our exchange names ) . Similar guidelines that apply to our informing and correspondences in conventional media despite everything use in the on-line cultural media boundless ; just on the grounds that the turn of events and execution of an on-line cultural media plan can be quick. simple. what's more, modest doesn’t imply that various guidelines apply. The Company empowers the entirety of its partners to investigate and arraign in cultural media networks at a degree at which they feel comfortable. Have some good times. in any case, be shrewd. The best counsel is to approach on-line universes in a similar way we do the physical one †by using good instinct and presence of mind. by holding fast to the Company’s esteems. also, by following the Code of Business Conduct and all other material approaches. Organization Committedness The Company clings unequivocally to its core esteems in the on-line cultural media network. what's more, we expect a similar committedness from all Company agents †including Company partners. what's more, partners of our dressers. merchants and suppliers. Any disparity from these committednesss might be skilled to disciplinary reappraisal or other fitting activity. The Five Core Valuess of the Company in the Online Social Media Community 1. Straightforwardness in each cultural media fight. The Company does non pardon pull stringsing the cultural media stream by making â€Å"fake† finishs and stations intended to mislead followings and order a discussion. Each Web website. â€Å"fan page† . or then again other on-line finish that is at long last constrained by the Company must do that reality known to clients and must be approved fitting to material inward conventions so as to follow and administer the Company’s online nearness. We other than require bloggers and cultural media influencers to open up to their perusers when we’re tie ining with them. regardless of whether by providing them with stock examples or facilitating them at Company occasions. furthermore, we have to administer whether they are following with this interest. 2. Assurance of our consumers’ privateness. This implies we ought to be careful sing any Personally Identifiable Information ( PII ) that we gather. counting how we gather. shop. utilization. or on the other hand divide that PII. which should all be done compliant with relevant Privacy Policies. Torahs and IT arrangements. 3. Regard of right of first distributions. trademarks. privileges of advancement. what's more, other outsider rights in the on-line cultural media unbounded. counting as for client created content ( UGC ) . How exactly you do this may rely upon your impossible to miss situation. so work with your cross-useful crews to do educated. fitting judgments. 4. Obligation in our utilization of designing. We will non use or aline the Company with any associations or Web locales that convey the utilization of over the top trailing bundle. adware. malware or spyware. 5. Utilization of best examples. tuning in to the online network. furthermore, similarity with pertinent laws to ensure that these Online Social Media Principles stay current and mirror the most exceptional and fitting measures of conduct. Organization AND AGENCY ASSOCIATES’ ONLINE SOCIAL MEDIA ACTIVITIES The Company regards the privileges of its partners and its approved agencies’ partners to use web logs and other cultural media apparatuses non simply as a signifier of self-articulation. in any case, other than as an office to encourage the Company’s concern. It is of import that all partners are aware of the conclusions of indicting in signifiers of cultural media and on-line discussions that reference the Company as well as the associate’s relationship with the Company and its exchange names. furthermore, that partners perceive when the Company may be considered answerable for their conduct. Desires for Online SpokespeopleMerely similarly as with customary media. we get an opportunity †and an obligation †to adequately pull off the Company’s notoriety on the web and to specifically indict and partake during the 1000s of on-line discussions that notice us each twenty-four hours. The accompanying 10 guidelines steer how our Certified Online Spokespeople should represent the Company in an on the web. official limit when they are talking â€Å"on benefit of the Company: † * Be Certified in the Social Media Certification Program. All partners who wish to authoritatively represent the Company online must completion the Social Media Certification Program preceding get bringing down or go oning these exercises. * Follow our Code of Business Conduct and all other Company arrangements. Our Code of Business Conduct gives the establishment to these Online Social Media Principles: â€Å"As an agent of [ the Company ] . you should move with honestness and solid arity in all undertakings. † This committedness is valid for all signifiers of cultural media. In add-on. a few different arrangements administer your conduct as a Company mediator in the on-line cultural media unbounded. counting the Information Protection Policy and the Insider Trading Policy. * Be mindful that you are stand foring the Company. As a Company delegate. it is of import that your stations pass on a similar positive. idealistic soul that the Company imparts in the entirety of its correspondences. Be conscious everything being equal. races. beliefs and civic establishments ; how you act in the on-line cultural media interminable non simply ponders you †it is an immediate thought on the Company. * Fully open up your relationship with the Company. The Company requires all partners who are pass oning in the interest of the Company to ever open up their name and their affiliation. It is neer worthy to use accepted names or in any case trick individuals. Express your relationship with the Company from the earliest starting point. e. g. . â€Å"Hi. I’m John and I work for The Coca-Cola Company†¦ . † This disclosure is all of import for any organization/merchant/accomplice/outsider who is stand foring the Company on the web. They should open up that they work â€Å"with The Coca-Cola Company. † * Keep records. It is important that we track our associations in the on-line cultural media endless and manage the exercises of those with whom we lock in.

Round table discussion Essay Example

Round table conversation Paper My major Is business organization. I am a sensible, aspiring person who has set aside the effort to consider my future and my objectives. I have attempted and finished my two years course in China. Being a student from another school to a remote nation expects me to constantly center, and concentrate increasingly more as the course has created. Furthermore, it is likewise offer me a chance to proceed with further instruction. I picked business organization as a general degree, which allowed e the chance to learn and test all parts of the board and business with the goal that I recognized what I needed to had some expertise in. By methods for my training and experience, there are a couple of things wherein I accept profoundly that can create people. As a matter of first importance, we should pick the correct course, that Is, to pick a particular and clear destinations. Defining an objective Is Like structure a pyramid. The intensity of target Is colossal. After the objective, we should set up It immovably. At that point I accept everybody needs to succeed ND achievement Is around everybody, regardless of whether the achievement Is a little one. As a matter of fact, achievement implies various things for various individuals. Some may liken it with cash, some with work and still some with other. Whatever your fantasies are, you have an objective there and afterward center all your consideration around it. At that point achievement makes certain to hang tight for you at some place. With regards to values, my first idea was a standard model of everything. We will compose a custom article test on Round table conversation explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Round table conversation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Round table conversation explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer It is far away from progress on the off chance that you are just with the acknowledgment of grant and capacity by society. You ought to taint others with moral appeal. Win the trust and regard of others, at that point you will the chances and achievement. Profound quality is an express, an interest, yet additionally a power to advance its forward. Our obligation Is to adhere to the reality of good throughout everyday life. We ought to have social inner voice. I accept that since favorable luck had give me with superior to average chance, I have an obligation to act In our networks. Therefore, I should give more than get. I trust probably the best thought of all occasions is a persuading moral power which is the idea f the nobility and worth of human person. That is my guiding principle. In my life I have given myself certain objectives, some identifying with my own life and some to my life in the business world, which I will put forth a valiant effort to finish. I don't have faith in destiny. Regardless of under what conditions anybody would get an opportunity to change their predetermination on the off chance that they buckle down. So I will keep on pursueing the advancement of myself. That alludes to the quest for my own characteristics and advance my own insight. Whats mineral, let my family live In bliss. Being a decent relative. I additionally arranged budgetary objectives. The most Important one is truly survey my month to month costs. Do I truly need to pay such a slope of bills? While Im fortunate enough now In my life not to be living month to month, that favorable luck has made me lazier about creation sure Im not Just squandering cash. Before the finish of my graduation, I plan on dissecting the costs and making modifications that ideally suit my way of life better and spare me effective future.

Premed and Me (frankly speaking)

Premed and Me (frankly speaking) Before committing to any major choice, I think you have to be ready and willing. As regards me and my decision to be premed, I had few doubts that I was willing. That decision had stayed alive from at least sophomore year of high school. Even with me diving head-first into studying for the MCAT (which demands quite a lot of time), Im still willing. But I didnt want to be the guy who was estimating my position in the class, relative to how other friends were doing on exams and p-sets. I didnt want to be the guy who inquired about GPAs, or put my resume or future application and someone elses on balancing scales. The cynical, numbers and one-upmanship equivalent of the Not necessarily being the fastest guy when a bear is chasing you, but only faster than whoevers in last place kind of deal didnt jibe with me. And I guess it didnt jibe with many other premeds that I know, because that preconceived notion of how my academic life would be like died out within maybe 3 semesters of MIT. It just didnt happen here. Its a curse and a blessing. The blessing part first: Even back in my old high school a public school some of my peers in AP courses rendered decisions on relative competence on the basis of at least 2-5 points on a test or exam, or whoever pulled out ahead, depending on whatever was most convenient. It was something that unfolded right after your graded work landed on the desk in front of you. And it was also unnecessary. Thankfully, Ive never had that feeling here at MIT. Im free to pursue whats academically interesting or challenging, with nothing to answer to beyond my own standards and those of my professors. Its liberating. None of this changes the fact that applications still ask for and value grades, test scores, and extracurricular activities and none apparently more so than med school applications. Herein lies the curse: if youre not comparing your performance to something, how do you know what shape youre in come your application season? More pertinent to what was going on in my mind: is it right to feel like any less of a premed when youre doing X, but someone you know is (probably?) doing 27*X^3496024, and also W, Y, and Z, and still probably (maybe?) getting better grades than you? Its enough to make you feel like maybe, youre out of your depth. Its seldom (if ever) true, but it didnt stop me from momentarily feeling that way. Then I scheduled an appointment with MITs prehealth office. It was something that I had to do to stay on the premed path, but its also something that I was glad that I did. As it turns out, I wasnt doing bad at all; I was on a good trend, actually. And my advisor even had very helpful advice on what to do next, which thankfully didnt sound like Start everything over, because youre gonna need a lot of help to get to where you ought to be. It was more like, Keep it up. Study for the MCAT. And dont forget to shadow doctors and research med schools. I feel a lot more ready for what I want to do as a result. So what might that mean for a future, perhaps hesitant premed that comes to MIT? I know the chief concerns are grades, finding things to do, doing well in them, getting leadership activities, volunteer experience, shadowing physiciansor basically, balancing all that plus the kitchen sink. I wont trivialize the requirements; theyre things I still take seriously. But there are a few, deceptively easy things have been helping so far. I focus on school when I have to, and retire to do fun stuff when I dont and when my brain refuses to get any more work done at a given time, in spite of some deadline coming up, I dont fight the feeling and opt to cut myself some slack. I read textbooks and other books; I try not to fall off the face of the earth; I got a Netflix instant subscription I use to watch some really weird movies as a result. Knowing when to knuckle down and when to kick your feet up is a big help. Most importantly, I found and did the things that interest me. For extracurriculars, thats primarily mental health advocacy with MITs chapter of Active Minds; for classes, it was honestly just whatever looked cool, rather than whatever seemed to fit the bill for an application. I cant stress how vital that is. That bit makes what I do an extension of who I am, which is easier to enjoy and justify to others than things I find to be a chore. Youll want to do your best in what you like, anyway, so the rest kind of falls into place. For what doesnt, theres a really nice prehealth advising office here. Theyll supply the logistics and the deadlines, then do some magical stuff behind the scenes so you dont sweat the details, like making sure your letters of recommendation get done, or getting your personal statement some expert feedback. I havent used them that much yet, as my application process has just started to wind up, but they do offer a ton of very helpful resources, which Hamsika can attest to. So if you want to be a doctor and are thinking of coming to MIT first, youre not setting yourself up to do The Impossible, or even The Inordinately Stressful. (Okay, it still can be very stressful being a student here at times, but the premed track doesnt have to magnify that to a super-unreasonable degree.) Theres a way to hack it here, given the right perspective, and I hope my own thoughts on it have helped you out, if youre on the fence about being premed at MIT.

Significant Figures Example Chemistry Problem

Here are three examples determining significant figures. When asked to find significant figures, remember and follow these simple rules: Any nonzero digit is significant.A zero between two nonzero digits is always significant.Trailing zeros are significant if they are at the end of a number and to the right of the decimal point.Leading zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. For example, placeholder zeros in the number 0.005 are not significant (only the 5 is significant).If a number ends with a zero, but it is not to the right of a decimal point, it may or may not be significant. Generally, its safest to assume it is not significant. If you take a measurement where the final zero is significant, be sure to include the decimal point to make yourself clear. Significant Figure Example Problem Three students weigh an item using different scales. These are the values they report: a. 20.03 gb. 20.0 gc. 0.2003 kg How many significant figures should be assumed in each measurement? Solution a. 4.b. 3. The zero after the decimal point is significant because it indicates that the item was weighed to the nearest 0.1 g.c. 4. The zeros at the left are not significant. They are only present because the mass was written in kilograms rather than in grams. The values 20.03 g and 0.02003 kg represent the same quantities. Answer In addition to the solution presented above, be advised you can get the correct answers very quickly by expressing the masses in scientific (exponential) notation: 20.03 g 2.003 x 101 g (4 significant figures)20.0 g 2.00 x 101 g (3 significant figures)0.2003 kg 2.003 x 10-1 kg (4 significant figures)

An Unfolding of William Blakes quot; the Chimney...

An Unfolding of William Blakes The Chimney Sweeper. William Blakes poem The Chimney Sweeper gives us a look into the unfortunate lives of 18th century London boys whose primary job was to clear chimneys of the soot that accumulated on its interior; boys that were named climbing boys or chimney sweepers. Blake, a professional engraver, wrote this poem (aabb rhyme), in the voice of a young boy, an uneducated chimney sweeper. This speaker is obviously a persona, a fictitious character created by Blake, as it is apparent that he wasnt a child or a chimney sweeper at the time he wrote this poem. The Chimney Sweeper is divided in six stanzas; the first stanza of this narrative poem starts off with the young chimney sweeper,†¦show more content†¦The voice of the story, the young boy, in the seventh verse showed compassion for the new climbing boy and by doing this he made visible to us that the real child in him had not died, that although he had to work in conditions that were not suitable for a boy his age, he still kept his humanity. In the poems next 2 stanzas the narrator speaks about a dream that Tom Dacre had the same day his youth was taken from him. He had dreamt that sweepers whom he knew where all of them locked up in coffins of black. The black color of these coffins means, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, seriously bad or unfortunate, associated with severely bad conditions or misfortune. The coffins, which are a container in which a dead body is placed for a burial (OED), represent all of them being trapped in this miserable black world where, ironically, children worked to make money for adults. The entire dream is influenced by Toms fear of being trapped in this hell for all his life. Later, in the fifth stanza an Angel appeared in Toms dream that opened up the coffins and set them free of their misfortune. This angel that freed them can be considered as an omen, a sign that shows how something, good or bad, will happen in the future. Tom ran down a flat expanse of land with the sweepers where they had fun and washed themselves up. The words bright and shine Blake used in verses thirteen

Argument for the legalization of Marijuana Free Essays

Can I see a show of hands how many people have ever smoked Cannabis, also known as Marijuana? I see none of you have raised your hands. Well evidently no one would want to admit to a criminal action in front of others from their community. But why is it that smoking ‘pot’ is so forbidden in our society? George Washington said, â€Å"Make the most of the Indian hemp seed, and sow it everywhere! † Marijuana is a natural plant, known to grow in the wild in Central and South Asia. We will write a custom essay sample on Argument for the legalization of Marijuana or any similar topic only for you Order Now Traces of people smoking Marijuana go back as far as 3,000 B. C so, what had changed over the years to make cannabis illegal? When considering the legalization of marijuana, the normal reaction would be to think about the negative factors of the drug. But what people forget is, marijuana’s positive features overrule the negatives by far. There would be many benefits if the ‘drug’ where to be legalized, especially for the government and the economy as a whole. Our government spends 500 million pounds a year on ‘overall response to drugs’, but receive no taxes from the estimated 1. 8 billion pound illegal drug market. If our government were to legalize marijuana, they could place high taxes on it because people are used to buying the drug at a high price anyway because of the risk of selling it illegally. This would be very beneficial to the government because they would have a larger increase of tax that then could be fed into the NHS and other funds, which are beneficial to the general public. This brings me neatly onto my next point, I am fully aware of the abuse potential of the drug, but its value to the medical world outweighs this potential by far. Although the argument of legalizing marijuana is extremely controversial, without knowing it, hundreds of people around you are in desperate need of its medical side, and are suffering dramatically without it. How would you feel? Marijuana would be of high value to the suffering, distressed, and disheartened cancer patients fighting for their lives. Let me try and paint you a picture: imagine there is only one medication that will relieve you from the pain you are caused by nausea, marijuana will free you of this pain and will give you a little bit of assurance and courage that you need to keep on believing that you are going to be safe. But yet, we still refuse to believe that the drug is acceptable, but there is something I must ask you all. Do you know what ‘the black market’ is? Well let me tell you, the black market is a market in goods or services in violation of legal structures defining the scope of appropriate forms of trade. It is a market for products that are illegal or stolen. Marijuana appears frequently in the market, and has become extremely popular. The problem with the drugs produced in the black market is that they are not manufactured under any safety or health regulations, this can result in unsafe drugs being produced and users experiencing problems from consuming unknown substances. If the government where to legalize marijuana they could potentially safe lives, as the drug could be bought in shops from legal proprietors, this would assure users of good quality and information about what you are buying and consuming. Jeffery Miron, the visiting professor of economics at Harvard University estimates the national marijuana market at about 10 billion pounds per year. When will the public and government realize? Marijuana is only dangerous and harmful when sold and consumed illegally, and the government is preventing and keeping us from a product that is so beneficial not only to cancer patients, but also to the paper and clothing industries, the government itself, and for the crime rate of our country. Long gone are the days when we could go outside at night and not be worried about our safety, long gone are the days when we didn’t have to worry about our kids getting involved in gang activity, and long gone are the days in which we had the freedom to consume a substance which satisfied us. I am thoroughly aware of how high the UK’s crime rate is, and how terrifying and worrying it is for the citizens of our country. I am aware that the amount of crime that goes on in our country impacts and affects almost every single person in the country, which is why legalizing marijuana would be extremely helpful. The crime rate in the Netherlands is generally low, especially compared to other European countries with tougher crime polices such as the UK. Indeed, in the UK they have found that 60% of inmates in British jails have served a jail sentence previously. In the UK where the consumption of marijuana is illegal the crime rate is actually higher than in Amsterdam where it is legal and the consumption is lower. This proves that, if our government was to legalize marijuana, it would result in the use actually decreasing, as it is known that when humans are not allowed to do something it appears much more attractive, and have a larger urge to do it. How to cite Argument for the legalization of Marijuana, Essays

Should Worldcom Ceo Bernard Ebbers Been Sentenced to 25 Years in Prison free essay sample

The WorldCom fraud that came to light in 2002 was an example of many things that went wrong within the organization. Unethical conduct by its senior leadership beginning with Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Bernard Ebbers was certainly at the forefront of these problems. The question is should a CEO like Ebbers have been sentenced to prison for his liability in the WorldCom scandal? My answer is yes, he should’ve gone to prison as well as other CEOs who engage in unethical conduct that results in laws being violated. I will support my answer by aking a look at the duties of a CEO, focusing on leadership responsibilities and accountability. I will discuss causes of ethical problems in CEOs and finish by discussing utilitarian and deontological ethical issues as they pertained to Ebbers. Background As the telecommunications industry slowed in the late 1990s, WorldCom’s stock price began to decrease. Ebbers came under pressure from financial institutions to cover margin calls on WorldCom stock he used to finance other businesses (Vasatka, 2007). From 1999 to 2002, a few WorldCom senior executives engaged in fraudulent accounting practices. These practices were esigned to portray losses as growth to the public. The Board of Directors met on June 25, 2002 and decided to publish a revised financial statement for 2001 and first quarter 2002. They also decided to report this action to the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the events leading up to it (WorldCom, 2002). The SEC launched its own investigation into the matter (Vasatka, 2007) and brought civil action against a number of WorldCom executives in June 2002 (SEC, 2002). WorldCom filed for bankruptcy protection on July 21, 2002. The U. S. Justice Department rought criminal charges against Ebbers and several other WorldCom executives. For his role in the scandal, Ebbers was convicted in Federal court on March 15, 2005 and then on July 13, 2005 sentenced to 25 years in prison. The CEO as a Leader To examine the issues in this case from a normative ethics viewpoint, I believe that we should see what a CEO does in performing the leadership functions of their job as they relate to ethical issues. A good description of the CEO’s leadership role can be found in The Duties of a Chief Executive Officer (Wibowo Kleiner, 2005). The authors cite information in CEO The CEO’s leadership duties include â€Å"gives the board of directors some advice, promotes organizational and stakeholder changes related to the organisation’s goals and objectives with confidence, has intuitive, encouraging innovation, assigning and organizing all the employees to give their contribution, and supports the motivation of the employees. This challenges a CEO to be a good model for the organisation. † (Wibowo Kleiner, 2005). We’ve seen that the CEO is both a leader who is to be a good model for the organization and lso responsible for what does or doesn’t happen in an organization. There is another role a CEO has not mentioned here specially but which is implied nonetheless – accountability. Accountability is defined in the dictionary as â€Å"the quality or state of being accountable; especially: an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to account for ones actions lt;public officials lacking accountabilityâ €  (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2008). As CEO of WorldCom, Ebbers was a leader for that organization who was responsible and accountable for what did or did not happen during his tenure. Causes of Ethical Problems in CEOs The position of CEO is one that has a great deal of power. There is a quote from British historian Lord Acton (1834-1902): â€Å"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men† (Lewis, n. d. ). In the article No Fair Shake for Shareholders, the author discusses the CEO personality as possibly contributing to the ethical problems that arise with some CEOs. Traits such as a strong ego, left unchecked can turn into bad behavior. CEOs normally are good salesmen and they often sell themselves on how good they are which inflates their egos. A weak board of directors can fail to hold a CEO accountable. He stresses board responsibilities relative to CEO accountability (Wilson, 1989). In the article The Responsibility of the CEO Providing Ethical and Moral Leadership, Lewis says that there is a difference between what is legal and what is ethical. He stresses the need for a culture of ethics within an organization where all team players practice good ethics, including the CEO. He says laws only deal with part of the ethical issues faced by businesses. He cites heavy competition and pressure many employees feel to engage in unethical behavior as some of the keys to the problem. Good corporate governance, beginning with the CEO, is very important to building a good ethical culture within the organization (Lewis, 2002). Discussion of Ethical Issues Pertaining to Ebbers Ebbers had a responsibility to the employees of the company, investors, and the public to report WorldCom’s finances accurately and honestly. He was accountable to the board of directors for his actions as CEO – both good and bad. Ebbers should’ve had loyalty to these people to help them avoid the monetary losses resulting from WorldCom’s shaky financial situation. This is an example of a utilitarian ethics issue. Due to his position, he should’ve had the greater good of all these people in mind as he ran WorldCom. However, Ebbers allowed unethical practices to continue with his knowledge, with the consequence that many people lost money when WorldCom went bankrupt. Ebbers had an obligation to provide honest financial statements in order to not to violate the rights of others. He failed in this obligation, violating the rights of many people in the process. This is an example of deontological ethics. Continuing on this track, investors also have a right to know the truth about companies that they are investing in or may invest in. They also have an obligation to learn as much about the companies they are investing in or planning to invest in. Due to the fraud committed by senior executives and allowed by Ebbers, WorldCom’s public financial statements made it difficult for investors to know the truth about its financial health. Even with the fraudulent statements, some investors were able to learn of some of the irregularities in WorldCom. Shareholders filed a lawsuit against WorldCom in June 2001 alleging widespread fraudulent accounting practices. The case was subsequently thrown out by a judge in Mississippi (Weinberg, 2002). In this example of deontological ethics shareholders acted to protect their rights. Also by learning the truth about WorldCom they fulfilled their obligation to gain as much knowledge about the company as they could. In addition to Ebbers’ failings, there are others that should be mentioned in this discussion of ethics. First, WorldCom documents and testimony of employees revealed that some employees discovered problems as far back as 2000, tried to do something to correct them, and failed (Waggoner, 2002). The question is how hard did these people try to correct what they saw that was wrong? From a utilitarian ethics perspective, they had to know many people could get hurt if this continued. Secondly, regarding the shareholder lawsuit previously mentioned why didn’t the board of directors or the SEC act when these allegations were made? The board failed to hold Ebbers accountable for the accounting fraud that was being uncovered nearly two years from the time it went public in 2000. From a deontological ethics viewpoint, they had an obligation to look into these allegations so that the rights of others wouldn’t be violated. Conclusion Ebbers’ conviction and prison sentence were justified. From a utilitarian ethics perspective, he was responsible and accountable to serve the greater good of others and failed in that capacity. From a deontological viewpoint, he also had an obligation to ensure the rights of others associated with WorldCom wouldn’t be violated and he failed to meet this obligation as well. Contributing factors to the WorldCom fiasco were poor corporate governance and a corporate culture where some employees were aware of problems but failed to get corrective action taken.

The Escape Room free essay sample

â€Å"An Escape Room! That’s what we’ll do.† My relationship with my 16-year-old brother is shaped by a tradition we’ve cultivated over the years – homemade gifts. Whether it’s Christmas or Diwali, every year we work together to create special keepsakes or experiences for friends and family. Sometimes the process is more memorable than the result. For my mom’s birthday seven years ago, we worked for weeks to create a scrapbook, complete with handwritten messages and stickers. Christmas of 2014 we stayed up all night to construct handmade, personalized items for each member of our extended family, exploding bath bombs in the microwave in the process. Last Mother’s Day, we devised personalized scavenger hunts involving my mom’s and grandmothers’ favorite places in Houston. And this past June, for Father’s Day, we created an Escape Room. â€Å"Let’s do it!† was my brother’s immediate response, so we eagerly began brainstorming. We will write a custom essay sample on The Escape Room or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Should they be spies or superheroes? A Harry Potter theme or Star Wars? We settled on a Mission Impossible theme but quickly encountered a major problem. How exactly does one create an Escape Room? From a prior experience, we recalled the intricate steps involved in an Escape Room, with seemingly unrelated items coming together in mystifying ways. Somehow, messages in a journal were anagrammed and combined with numbers revealed by a black light to identify map coordinates, which revealed a hidden compartment in a book with a key. And this was just one of many paths. After much deliberation, I realized creating an Escape Room required working backwards. It was not unlike the way I developed a timesheet program for a non-profit literacy foundation by starting with my end goal and fitting together sections to make it accessible to users. Nor was it unrelated to the way I incorporated various calculus formulas to determine the optimal takeoff for a back-handspring in a research paper. In fact, analyzing problems, asking questions, and finding solutions are skills I’ve been developing for years. The key is focusing on the big picture and breaking the process down into manageable chunks. Emboldened by our new sense of direction, my brother and I created a map depicting each path. We decided on four main components to achieve escape: an address number and name, two sections of a vault number, and a key. When we ran out of ideas, we scoured the house for inspiration. My mom’s old record player and our little brother’s toy safe. A basket of Beanie Babies and broken Taekwondo boards from 2011. What appeared to be a hodgepodge of junk gathered in the guest bedroom of our home was the first step in achieving what previously seemed unattainable. As final exams came and went, and summer volunteering and internships began, our progress slowed. Even with a solid plan and a good start, other priorities suddenly arose and prospects for completing the room weren’t looking good. Obviously, academics and extracurricular activities are important, and I devote hours a week to work and community service. However, those are not the only aspects of my life. I have always taken pride in my ability to make time for what matters to me – from family and friends to pursuing my education and working toward social justice – and I was determined to see this through to the end. We included everything from a hint in the record player music to a clue sewn into a stuffed animal. An additional challenge was including tasks that would be intriguing for the various members involved, both our parents and grandparents. With a reversible Hindi code for my grandparents and a Harry Potter trivia quiz for my parents, our Escape Room was the product of every farfetched idea and hour of work of the past several weeks. My family escaped with a minute to spare, while my brother and I experienced the joy of bringing homemade happiness to our loved ones’ lives.

Study of Brand and Brand Valuation Methods The WritePass Journal

Study of Brand and Brand Valuation Methods Introduction Study of Brand and Brand Valuation Methods Introduction  Organisation Background  Rationale for the Chosen TopicStatement of the Problem in Valuing BrandsResearch QuestionsObjectives of the DissertationLiterature ReviewWhat Is A Brand?What is Goodwill?What is Brand Equity?The Development of Brand Valuation:Brand Valuation Methods   Research Methodology, Data Collection Methods and Data AnalysisDesk Research  ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS:ReferencesManuchehr Shahrokhi, Professor of Finance, Department of Finance, Craig School of Business, California State University-Fresno, California, USABibliographyRelated Introduction A company’s brand image (Goodwill) or brand valuation plays a vital role in the modern business world. This has lead to the valuation of brands, which was quite unheard of in previous decades.   In this dissertation I attempt to analyse and understand various brand valuation methods, its merits and the way it’s represented using the different accounting policies and / or methods across the various accounting bodies worldwide.   The main objective of the dissertation is to understand various valuation model that will abide the various accounting bodies as well as satisfy the individual country’s rules and regulations. The roots of branding is evident in ancient civilisations and some study shows even before Birth of Christ and this   is evident from archaeological excavations in which we can find certain symbols or markings in pottery, coins and Arts. It was not until the 12th century trademarks were used to identify each manufacturer’s goods as well as measure their quality. In other words in the early times, brand names were not only used to distinguish between different goods which are similar but also distinguish their quality (Sudharshan, 1995). The value of a brand is indicated by how much money a company pays in order to acquire them. These may vary from brand to brand, however companies are prepared to pay a good price for top notch brands. For an example Procter and Gamble paid 2.6 times Richardson-Vicks’ book value, Nabisco sold for 3.2 times book value, and General Foods sold for 3.5 times book value (Business Week, 1995). This report will discuss the existing brand valuation methodologies and it’s significance in a company’s decision and require a sound marketing and financial view. Generally the marketing and financial approaches in this matter differ largely and today’s competitive market environment has made these two professions to work together in this regard. Brands are widely viewed as performance measures and important element decision making process. Many large corporate companies’ demands royalties from subsidiaries for using their brand name and this has made authorities such as tax and financial regulators to standardise the process of brand valuation. Brand valuation will be an important criterion to evaluate corporate performances in this century. Investors increasingly demand for greater disclosure of brand valuation and it’s the financial manager’s duty to ensure that such information’s are adequately provided with the investors. This has brought to adopt a standard brand valuation technique / method in company accounts.   Organisation Background This dissertation is not about a specific organisation brand valuation. It aims to cover many blue chip organisations accounting treatments in Brand Valuing. Mainly this study will involve understanding the accounting treatment of accounting bodies and accounting standards etc. The dominant model of branding in the twentieth century was the manufacturer as mega-advertiser. McKinsey (1994) believes that the traditional model of branding is no longer the only way, nor can it dominate in the future. According to Murphy (1990), brand is a complex phenomenon: â€Å"not only it is the actual product, but it is also the unique property of a specific owner and has been developed over time so as to embrace a set of values and attributes both tangible and intangible which meaningfully and appropriately differentiate products which are otherwise very similar.† These changes have prompted today’s business world to put a value into branding and thereby has the created the concept of Brand Equity or Goodwill of a company.   Rationale for the Chosen Topic In realisation of various valuation methods and different accounting bodies treat the Brand values in the Balance Sheet differently at large. This dissertation will answer â€Å"How companies calculate and disclose brand value in financial statements†. Weather researcher will able to identify and develop a proper Brand Valuation formula in this dissertation? Statement of the Problem in Valuing Brands Since the late 1980’s, it has become essential that a company recognises a brand as an intangible assent and as a result include them in their financial statements. The main reason for this was a wave of acquisitions that took place in that era that helped exposes the hidden value in highlys include, Nestlà © buying Rowntree, Danone purchasing Nabisco’s European business and Grand Metropolitan buying Pillsbury. However, accounting bodies throughout the world differ over how brand valuation should be done. The professional bodies have appeared uncertain as how to resolve the issue of brand valuation. It happens because of the lack of understanding and guidance over accounting treatment of brands. Much of the uncertainty associated with brands is regarding the relationship with goodwill and other intangible assets. There is real confusion about the distinction between brands and other assets such as goodwill or trademark. This difficulty leads to further problems when deciding how to measure and report them in financial statements. Research Questions In order to compile a report on Brand Valuation Methods I intent to find answers to the following research questions: What constitute Brand and Brand Equity? What are the problems in valuing a Brand? What are the available Brand Valuation methods? How does USA, UK and Indian Chartered Accounting Bodies value Brand? What is an acceptable and harmonized Brand Valuation model? Objectives of the Dissertation To understand the significance of Brands and how they have developed from time to time. To understand the Brand Equity Concept Different Valuation Methods in Valuing a Brand. To understand the Marketing and Finance perspectives of brand equity and how it will be presented and integrated, and their interrelationships in an Organisation. To analyse 4 financial accounts of large Blue Chip companies and their treatment as Intangible assets in the Accounts Literature Review What Is A Brand? â€Å"If this business were to be split up, I would be glad to take the brands, trademarks and goodwill and you could have all the bricks and mortar and I would   fare better than you†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (John Stuart, Former Chairman of Quaker Oats Ltd) This statement of John Stuart emphasise the importance of the brand. In other words a â€Å"name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competition† is categorised as a Brand. Furthermore, a Brand also helps to create awareness, reputation, prominence, and more in the marketplace. What is Goodwill? Goodwill in financial statements arises when a company is purchased for more than the fair value of the identifiable assets of the company. The difference between the purchase price and the sum of the fair value of the net assets is by definition the value of the goodwill of the purchased company. The acquiring company must recognize goodwill as an asset in its financial statements and present it as a separate line item on the balance sheet, according to the current purchase accounting method. In this sense, goodwill serves as the balancing sum that allows one firm to provide accounting information regarding its purchase of another firm for a price substantially different from its book value. Goodwill can be negative, arising where the net assets at the date of acquisition, fairly valued, exceed the cost of acquisition. Negative goodwill is recognized as a liability. For example, a software company may have net assets (consisting primarily of miscellaneous equipment, and assuming no debt) valued at $1 million, but the companys overall value (including brand, customers, intellectual capital) is valued at $10 million. Anybody buying that company would book $10 million in total assets acquired, comprising $1 million physical assets, and $9 million in goodwill. Goodwill has no predetermined value prior to the acquisition; its magnitude depends on the two other variables by definition. What is Brand Equity? The goal of the brand leadership point is to create strong brands – but what is a strong brand? In Managing Brand Equity, brand equity is defined as the brand assets (or liabilities) linked to a brand’s name and symbol that add to (or subtract from) a product or service. These assets can be grouped into four dimensions: brand awareness, perceived quality, brand associations, and brand loyalty. These four dimensions guide brand development management and measurement. Brands are a key element, along with other intangibles such as intellectual property and staff skills and commitment. Often 40-75% of a company’s assets may be attributed to brands [Goodchild and Callow, 2001] Despite the above facts the Chartered Institute of Marketing 2003 state â€Å"Brands are emotive and you can’t measure emotion.† â€Å"The financial value of a brand is not interesting on its own; it’s what we can do to grow it that makes it interesting. The process of benchmarking a brand’s value involves understanding where that brand value comes from and supporting those areas to grow the strength of the brand.† [Shailendra Kumar, Future Brand, 2001] The Development of Brand Valuation: The technical knowledge of Chartered Accountants and accounting firms in valuing business valuations and applying discount rate, depreciation rates, appropriate tax rates etc was not developed in valuing a company Brand by accounting profession until recent time. This was mainly due to the fact that financial professionals lack commercial experience and to fully appreciate and understand how brands operate from the perspective of consumers and markets and retail distribution in a competitive context. This was an essential part in valuing a brand and without understanding the real valuation process any future predictions of the same will be no use because this valuation process will be carried out only by assumptions. And as a direct consequences provide no genuine benefit to business or investors alike. Despite the above fact, brand valuation methodologies have been developed and adopted in valuing brands recently and are now viewed as important business tool.   Only now, brand valuation and intangible asset valuation are given it’s importance after being taken seriously mostly due to USA financial reporting standards requiring acquired intangibles which can be separately identified and have separate economic lives to be valued and put on the balance sheet. International accounting standards will require UK (and other countries adopting IAS’s) public companies to do the same and this will be effective from January’2005. Additionally these intangibles require annual impairment testing to make sure their values have not been diminished. If they diminish in value then a write off to the profit and loss account is required. For example under new accounting standards AOL Time warner has written off $54 billion dollars. (AOL 2007 Annual Accounts) In the UK and Australia, accounting rules require companies to write off the goodwill obtained through acquisitions. The rules have often resulted in sizeable losses for acquiring companies in the year of acquisition. This happened because under these rules, the money paid in an acquisition over and above the fair value of identifiable assets is viewed as money lost without a compensating asset being acquired. However, this principle drew protests from a lot of UK companies. Those companies protested by capitalizing their acquired brands and arguing that they were not goodwill but identifiable assets. Some of the companies have gone further by capitalizing not only â€Å"acquired† brands but also the â€Å"home-grown† brands such as Cadbury. Brand Valuation Methods There are three methods for charging price premium on a branded product a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cost Method – On this method, the current value for historical expenses when creating a brand. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Market Method This approach looks into the transactions of brand. c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Income Method In this approach, two methods are used to calculate the premium value: Discounted Cash Flow model Excess Earnings method.   Research Methodology, Data Collection Methods and Data Analysis In order to compile this dissertation, a Case Study/Desk Research based methodology has been used. Various company financial accounts have been verified with particular attent Primary data will consist information interviews, questionnaires etc. An in depth interview with a Brand Consultant is planned and interview will be conducted with Financial and Marketing Consultants of an Organisation. Secondary data will include data collection from annual reports, books, journals, articles and websites which give us an insight of how the companies have evolved from time to time and how did the company manage to build the brand and what strategies have they used in valuing a brand.   Both quantitative and qualitative data will be using in this research. Case studies the case studies will consist of a detailed study about various companies Brand Valuation Methods and the company from its beginning stage to the stage which it has attained now from the Desk Research. Analysis:   The various valuation methods will be explore and critically analysed in order to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each methods. Further how a Brand valued during Economy Boom had valuation done in Economy Recession period especially weather the Brand has been devalued to reflect the true picture. Apart from it this section also emphasizes on how the company attained this stage and about the competitive advantage and core competencies have bought them to this level. These analyses are undertaken with the help of the secondary and primary data. Desk Research Desk Research is the name given to finding published information which can include company Annual Reports, Financial details, Experts reports, Research Reports, Market statistics or comments and information about the issues in a marketplace. (Wikipedia   15.03.2011).With the widespread adoption of the Internet, use of published information (desk research) to scope a market is becoming increasingly common as a means of carrying out Market Researches. Traditionally using desk research to find information about potential customers, competitors and intermediaries in markets has been a time intensive process, often carried out on an on-going basis to cope with the slow delivery of paper-based material. With the Internet, vast seas of information have opened up electronically making desk research a practical tool for research, particularly in dynamic markets where data is quickly out of date. In this report the internet will play a vital part especially the Google search engine and the various sources of electronic journals since this published report stand as a verification source to the researchers Primary Research and various in-depth knowledge about the subject were explored. This is one of the major disadvantages of Desktop Research. Too much of information can easily distract and deviate the Research Objectives   ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: Research ethics relates to questions about how we formulate and clarify our research topic, the data collection and processing method and how we report our research findings in a moral and responsible way.   The appropriateness of a researcher’s behaviour in relation to the rights of those who become subject of their work or are affected by their work is referred to as research ethics (Saunders et al, 2007). Although all research methods have specific ethical issues associated with them, qualitative research is likely to have a greater range of ethical concerns compared to quantitative research. Most of the data that will be used in conducting this research will be quantitative data. The quantitative information’s are readily and publicly available without any form of moral or ethical intrusion.   Time Scale   TIMETABLE OF WORK               Week 1 – 2 Discussion with Supervisor about the direction and obtaining guidance Week 3 – 5 : Desk Top Research on Brand Valuation Models Week 6 – 8   Literature review on Branding and Study on IAS – Brand / Goodwill Week 9 11: Collecting Financial Data of 4 Blue Chip Company and its treatment on Balance sheet. Week 12 – 14: Organising interview with Financial controller of Large blue company’s view on Brand Valuation method. Week 15 16: Analyse the Collection of data and interview notes. Week 17 – 18 : Develop a Brand Value Model Week 19 – 21   : Finalising the Report Week 22 :   Binding and Submission of Report References Aaker, D.A. (1997), Should you take your brand to where the action is?, Harvard Business Review, . Aaker, D.A. (1996a), Measuring brand equity across products and markets, California Management Review, Vol. 38 No.3, pp.102-20. Aaker David A (1991), ‘Managing Brand Equity’, p.15, NY Free Press Allen, D. (1990), Creating value, the financial management of brands, in â€Å"Report of the committee on cost, profitability, for marketing† (Eds), Accounting Review, Supplement, Vol. 47 pp.575-615. Blackston, M. (1995), The qualitative dimension of brand equity, Journal of Advertising Research, pp.RC2. Bhattacharyya, D. K., (2003) Research Methodology, Anurag Jain for Excel Books, India. Cravens, K.S., Guilding, C. (1999), Strategic brand valuation: a cross-functional perspective, Business Horizons, Vol. 42 No.4, . Gill, H. (1995), Broad definition on brand and asset, Management Accounting Journal, . Kevin Lane Keller Strategic Brand Management (2006), 2nd Edition Kapferer, J.N. (1992), Strategic Brand Management: New Approaches to Creating and Evaluating Brand Equity, The Free Press, New York, NY., Manuchehr Shahrokhi, Professor of Finance, Department of Finance, Craig School of Business, California State University-Fresno, California, USA Mukherjee, D N (Nov –Dec, 1998), ‘Managing Intangible Assets’, Business World, p.772. Philip Kotler and Gary Armstrong: Principles of Marketing, Tenth Edition, Prentice Hall Zeff and Dharan, 1997 Readings and Notes on Financial Accounting Websites Brand Management www.brand.com (April 2011) Brand Finance Plc – www.brandfinance.com (April 2011) Wikipedia – www.wikipedia.com (April 2011) Bibliography John Murphy, 1990,   â€Å"Brand Valuation† Simon, C.J., Sullivan, M.W. (1993), The measurement and determinants of brand equity: a financial approach,

UK Economy as the Seventh Largest Economy Worldwide When Measured Essay

UK Economy as the Seventh Largest Economy Worldwide When Measured Using the GDP and the Eighth Largest Worldwide When Measured Using the Purchasing Power Parity - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the UK economy ranks the seventh largest economy worldwide when measured using the GDP, while it ranks the eighth largest worldwide when measured using the purchasing power parity. During the 18th century, UK was the first country worldwide to industrialize, hence contributing positively towards the world economy in the 19th century especially through employment. Consequently, unemployment refers to the rate at which people within a given economy are willing and able to work but cannot find a job because of the prevailing situations. In the UK, the section of the population that is not willing or unable to work based on varied reasons does not count towards unemployment. This is because they are economically inactive and may not participate in processes that focus on improving the economic conditions. However, it is true that when a given country has an elevated level of unemployment, such country is not utilizing the available resourc es as expected. Unemployment significantly influences the social cost of the affected country because persons with familial commitments may have trouble trying to meet their responsibilities. This is based on the dependency ratio, which may be high. Â  However, unemployment can cause boredom and rejection, thus increasing social problems in the society. In addition, unemployment can result in increased criminal activities in the society. Interestingly, suicide rates and poor health among individuals may also rise. The UK unemployment influences both the economy and societal history of the country. During the 1950s and 1960s, the UK experienced low rates of unemployment. This is because the service members who participated in the Second World War got full employment as a reward for their victory. However, the rate of unemployment in the UK remained low until 2005 when it started to increase.

Business Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Research Paper - Essay Example METHODOLOGY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 4.0 Research Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 4.1 Study Area and target group†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 4.2 Sampling techniques and Sample size†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 4.3 Research Instruments†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 4.4 Limitations of the Research†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 5. SPECIFICATION OF HY POTHESIS AND OBJECTIVES 5.0 Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 5.1 Objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 1. INTRODUCTION The major purpose of the study is to examine the effects of an effective and efficient management on the performance of an organization. The leaders of an organization have a major impact on the organization depending on how they perform their functions. The management of an organization performs different functions and thus, the success of the organization greatly depends on the manner in which the duties are performed (Drucker & Maciariello,  2008, 30) Therefore, the objective of the study is to find the major impacts that an effective management would have on the overall performance of an organization. The study seeks to find the extent of increase in production of an organization when then the management improves its performance. The foremost reason as to why I chose the topic is because; I would want to assess the major factors that determine the success of an organization. In addition, I would also like to find out how the performance of an organization can be improved and made effective. The topic also interests me since; it affects a variety of individuals and businesses in the economic world. Thus, such a research would be very useful to many parties in the business market. Many business organizations would definitely want to ensure the management of their businesses is effective in order to ensure that they reap the accruing benefits. 2. LIT ERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter focuses and concentrates on previous studies conducted in regard to the effects of effective management on the performance of an organization. The issue of management’s effectiveness is very crucial to the organization’s performance and thus, many scholars have conducted different studies concerning the issue. 2.1 Critical Literature Studies have shown that when there is effective management in an organization, there will also be effective planning. On the other hand, effective planning in an organization ensures that there is a smooth flow of activities and operations. Thus, the organization is likely to accomplish most of its objectives (Anthony & Anthony,  2008, 34). The management of an organization also has a function of co-coordinating operations in the departments. Thus, when there is effective management in the company, there will also

Replica Synchronization in Distributed File System

Replica Synchronization in Distributed File System J.VINI Racheal ABSTRACT The Map Reduce framework provides a scalable model for large scale data intensive computing and fault tolerance. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to improve the I/O performance of the distributed file systems. The technique is used to reduce the communication bandwidth and increase the performance in the distributed file system. These challenges are addressed in the proposed algorithm by using adaptive replica synchronization. The adaptive replica synchronization among storage server consists of chunk list which holds the information about the relevant chunk. The proposed algorithm contributing to I/O data rate to write intensive workload. This experiments show the results to prove that the proposed algorithm show the good I/O performance with less synchronization applications. Index terms – Big data, distributed file system, Map Reduce, Adaptive replica synchronization INTRODUCTION The distributed environment which is used to improve the performance and system scalability in the file system known as distributed file system [1]. It consists of many I/O devices chunks of data file across the nodes. The client sends the request to the metadata server who manages all the whole system which gets the permission to access the file. The client will access the storage server which is corresponding to it, which handles the data management, to perform the real operation from the MDS The distributed file system of MDS which manages all the information about the chunk replicas and replica synchronization is triggered when any one of the replica has been updated [2]. When the data are updated in the file system the newly written data are stored in the disk which becomes the bottleneck. To solve this problem we are using the adaptive replica synchronization in the MDS MapReduce is which is the programming primitive , programmer can map the input set and obtaining the output and those output set send to the reducer to get the map output. In the MapReduce function it is written as the single node and it is synchronized by MapReduce framework [3]. In distributing programming models which perform the work of data splitting, synchronization and fault tolerance. MapReduce framework is the programming model which is associated with implementation for processing large data sets with distributed and parallel algorithm on a cluster of nodes. Hadoop MapReduce is a framework for developing applications which can process large amounts of data up to even multiple terabytes of data-sets in parallel on large clusters which includes thousands of commodity nodes in a highly fault tolerant and reliable manner. The input and the output of the MapReduce job are stored in Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS). RELATED WORKS GPFS [4] which allocates the space for the multiple copies of data on the different storage server which supports the chunk replication and it writes the updates to all the location. GPFS keeps track of the file which been updated to the chunk replica to the primary storage server. Ceph[5] has replica synchronization similar ,the newly written data should be send to all the replicas which are stored in different storage server which is before responding to the client. Hadoop File System [6] the large data are spitted into different chunk and it is replicated and stored on storage servers, the copes of the any stripe are stored in the storage server and maintained by the MDS, so the replica synchronization are handled by the MDS, the process will be done when new data written on the replicas. In GFS [7], there are various chunk servers were the MDS manages the location and data layout. For the purpose of the reliability in the file system the chunk are replicated on multiple chunk ser vers; replica synchronization can be done in MDS. The Lustre file system [8], which is known for parallel file system, which has replication mechanism For better performance Mosa Store [9] which is a dynamic replication for the data reliability. By the application when one new data block is created, the block at one of the SSs is stored in the MosaStore client, and the MDS replicate the new block to the other SSs to avoid the bottleneck when the new data block is created. Replica synchronization is done in the MDS of MosaStore. The Gfarm file system [10] the replication mechanism is used for data replication for the reliability and availability. In the distributed and parallel file system, the MDS controls the data replication and send the data to the storage servers; this makes pressure to the MDS. Data replication which has the benefits to support for better data access was the data is required and provide data consistency. In the parallel file system [11], this improves the I/O throughput, data duration and availability by data replication. The proposed mechanism, according to the cost of analysis the data pattern are analysed a data replication is done, but replication synchronization is done in the MDS. In the PARTE file system, the metadata file parts can be replicated to the storage servers to improve the availability of metadata for high service [12]. In detail we can say that in the PARTE file system, the metadata file parts can be distributed and replicated to the corresponding metadata into chunks on the storage servers, the file system in the client which keeps the some request of the metadata which have been sent to the server. If the active MDS crashed for any reason, then these client backup request are used to do the work bu the standby MDS to restore the metadata which are lost during the crash. iii.PROPOSED SYSTEM OVERVIEW The adaptive replica synchronization mechanism is used to improve the I/O throughput, communication bandwidth and performance in the distributed file system. The MDS manages the information in the distributed file system which is split the large data into chunks replicas. The main aim of using the mechanism adaptive replica synchronization because the storage server cannot withstand the large amount of the concurrent read request to the specific replica, adaptive replica is triggered to the up to chunk data to the other related SSs in the hadoop distributed file system [13][5].The adaptive replica synchronization will be preformed to satisfy heavy concurrent reads when the access frequency to the target replica is greater than the predefined threshold. The adaptive replica synchronization mechanism among SSs intends to enhance the I/O subsystems performance. Fig 1: Architecture of replica synchronization mechanism A. Big data Preparation and Distributed data Storage Configure the storage server in distributed storage environment. Hadoop distributed file system consists of big data, Meta Data Servers (MDS), number of replica, Storage Server (SS). Configure the file system based on the above mentioned things with proper communication. Prepare the social network big data. It consists of respected user id, name, status, updates of the user. After the data set preparation, it should be stored in a distributed storage server. B. Data update in distributed storage The user communicates with distributed storage server to access the big data. After that, user accesses the big data using storage server (SS). Based on user query, update the big data in distributed storage database. By updating the data we can store that in the storage server. C. Chunk list replication to storage servers The chunk list consists of all the information about the replicas which belongs to the same chunk file and stored in the SSs. The primary storage server which has the chunk replica that is newly updated to conduct the adaptive replica synchronization , when there is a large amount of the read request which concurrently passes in a short while with minimum overhead to satisfy this that mechanism is used. D. Adaptive replica synchronization The replica synchronization will not perform synchronization when one of the replicas is modified at the same time. The proposed mechanism Adaptive replica synchronization which improve the I/O subsystem performance by reducing the write latency and the effectiveness of replica synchronization is improved because in the near future the target chunk might be written again, we can say that the other replicas are necessary to update until the adaptive replica synchronization has been triggered by primary storage server. In the distributed file system the adaptive replica synchronization is used to increase the performance and reduce the communication bandwidth during the large amount of concurrent read request. The main work of the adaptive synchronization is as follows: The first step is chunk is saved in the storage servers is initiated .In second step the write request is send one of the replicas after that the version and count are updated. Those SS update corresponding flag in the chunk list and reply an ACK to the SS. On the next step read/write request send to other overdue replicas .On other hand it should handle all the requests to the target chunk and the every count is incremented according to the read operation and frequency is computed. In addition, the remaining replica synchronization for updated chunks, which are not the hot spot objects after data modification, will be conducted while the SSs are not as busy as in working hours. As a result, a better I/O bandwidth can be obtained wi th minimum synchronization overhead. The proposed algorithm is shown in algorithm. ALGORITHM: Adaptive replica synchronization Precondition and Initialization: 1) MDS handles replica management without synchronization, such as creating a new replica; 2) Initialize [Replica Location] [Dirty], [cnt], and [ver] in Chunk List when the relevant chunk replicas have been created. Iteration: 1: while Storage server is active do 2: if An access request to the chunk then 3: / Other Replica has been updated / 4: if [Dirty] == 1 then 5: Return the latest Replica Status; 6: break; 7: end if 8: if Write request received then 9: [ver] ↠ I/O request ID; 10: Broadcast Update Chunk List Request; 11: Conduct write operation; 12: if Receiving ACK to Update Request then 13: Initialize read count 14: [cnt] ↠ 1; 15: else 16: /Revoke content updates / 17: Undo the write operation; 18: Recover its own Chunk List; 19: end if 20: break; 21: end if 22: if Read request received then 23: Conduct read operation; 24: if [cnt] > 0 then 25: [cnt] ↠ [cnt] + 1; 26: Compute [Freq] 27: if [Freq] >= Configured Threshold then 28: Issue adaptive replica synchronization; 29: end if 30: end if 31: end if 32: else 33: if Update Chunk List Request received then 34: Update chunk List and ACK 35: [Dirty] ↠ 1; break; 36: end if 37: if Synchronization Request received then 38: Conduct replica synchronization; 39: end if 40: end if iv.PERFORMANCE RESULTS The replica in the target chunk has been modified by the primary SSs will retransmits the updated to the other relevant replicas, and the write latency is which is required time for the each write ,by proposing new mechanism adaptive replica synchronization the write latency is measured by writing the data size. Fig:2 Write latency By the adaptive replica synchronization we can get the throughput of the read and write bandwidth in the file system. We will perform both I/O data rate and the time processing operation of the metadata. Fig.3.I/ O data throughput VCONCLUSION In this paper we have presented an efficient algorithm to process the large amount of the concurrent request in the distributed file system to increase the performance and reduce the I/O communication bandwidth. Our approach that is adaptive replica synchronization is applicable in distributed file system that achieves the performance enhancement and improves the I/O data bandwidth with less synchronization overhead. Furthermore the main contribution is to improve the feasibility, efficiency and applicability compared to other synchronization algorithm. In future, we can extend the analysis by enhancing the robustness of the chunk list REERENCES [1] Benchmarking Mapreduce implementations under different application scenarios Elif Dede Zacharia Fadika Madhusudhan,Lavanya ramakrishnan Grid and Cloud Computing Research Laboratory,Department of Computer Science, State University of New York (SUNY) at Binghamton and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [2] N. Nieuwejaar and D. Kotz, â€Å"The galley parallel file system,† Parallel Comput., vol. 23, no. 4/5, pp. 447–476, Jun. 1997. [3] K. Shvachko, H. Kuang, S. Radia, and R. Chansler, â€Å"The Hadoop distributed file system,† in Proc. 26th IEEE Symp. MSST, 2010, pp. 1–10, [4] M. P. I. Forum, â€Å"Mpi: A message-passing interface standard,† 1994. [5] F. Schmuck and R. Haskin, â€Å"GPFS: A shared-disk file system for large computing clusters,† in Proc. Conf. FAST, 2002, pp. 231–244, USENIX Association. [6] S. Weil, S. Brandt, E. Miller, D. Long, and C. Maltzahn, â€Å"Ceph: A scalable,high-performance distributed file system,† in Proc. 7th Symp. OSDI, 2006, pp. 307–320, USENIX Association. [7] W. Tantisiriroj, S. Patil, G. Gibson, S. Son, and S. J. Lang, â€Å"On the duality of data-intensive file system design: Reconciling HDFS and PVFS,† in Proc. SC, 2011, p. 67. [8] S. Ghemawat, H. Gobioff, and S. Leung, â€Å"The Google file system,† in Proc. 19th ACM SOSP, 2003, pp. 29–43. [9] The Lustre file system. [Online]. Available: http://www.lustre.org [10] E. Vairavanathan, S. AlKiswany, L. Costa, Z. Zhang, D. S. Katz, M. Wilde, and M. Ripeanu, â€Å"A workflow-aware storage system: An opportunity study,† in Proc. Int. Symp. CCGrid, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2012, pp. 326–334. [11]GfarmFileSystem.[Online].Available:http://datafarm.apgrid.org/ [12] A. Gharaibeh and M. Ripeanu, â€Å"Exploring data reliability tradeoffs in replicated storage systems,† in Proc. HPDC, 2009, pp. 217–226. [13] J. Liao and Y. Ishikawa, â€Å"Partial replication of metadata to achieve high metadata availability in parallel file systems,† in Proc. 41st ICPP, 2012, pp. 168–1.

All Grown Up and No Place to Go Teenagers in Crisis

Child and adolescent development specialist David Elkind contends that today's teenager’s are struggling as the result of a shift in society to a â€Å"postmodern† period. In this period, â€Å"the needs of children and youth are often weighted less heavily than are the needs of parents and the rest of adult society† ( xiii ). Elkind believes that, as a result, â€Å"we as a society have abrogated our responsibility to young people† (xiv).Elkind explains how, in this postmodern period, adults mistakenly treat teenagers as though they were already competent and sophisticated, and therefore do not guide them from childhood into adulthood, as youth were guided in previous generations. His words sound a clear warning to teachers and other adults who tend to confuse teenager’s' physical maturity with emotional, psychological, social, intellectual, and spiritual maturity. A useful feature is his discussion of how the â€Å"growth markers† that were formerly available to guide children into adolescence and teens into adulthood are now absent.Examples include girls of all ages now being encouraged to wear makeup and sophisticated clothes, and boys of all ages being encouraged to participate in high-stakes competitive sports teams. Teen’s perception of stereotypes varies from person to person. It is interesting to know that how teens identify groups and how they decide to associate themselves with particular ones, at a time in their lives when age-mates take on a greater significance and the influence of adults diminishes.Teachers should not ignore or underestimate the power of peer influence; although we commonly think of this influence in negative terms, this article helps us recognize that peer influence can be a positive contributor to teenager’s' classroom behavior, too. The role of environment in determining behavior is considered, much greater by the intellectual descendants of Locke. More than adherents of other schools, they see humans as substantially malleable; they are convinced that children's behavior responds to the expectations expressed for it.Thus, if we believe that teenagers will be moody and rude, our children are likely to comply; if we relegate them to a social holding pattern, they will adopt the general characteristics of powerlessness. The discipline of child psychology, as well as the children it studies, is influenced by cultural assumptions seems beyond doubt. But then, what is to be made of these conflicting views about the plasticity of development? It would hardly be feasible to attempt a grand synthesis of these positions. David Elkind, a longtime observer and scholar of child development and family life, sees in the modern family a â€Å"permeable† family.He discerns in the seeming imbalances and morbidities of postmodern families the stresses hammering at children and youth in the contemporary society and a new family form emerging, a form that is bas ed on values and sentiments that prepare its members to cope with this stunning array of pressures. Three sentiments and their resulting practices are particularly heartening from his point of view. To be sure, by the teenage years, parents must exercise most of their authority by stating acceptable alternatives and sticking to them, even if that means throwing a child out of the house.In a sense, then, we are no longer talking about the kind of parental control liberationists object to, but more subtle pressures generally compatible with their stand except insofar as they think teens have a right to financial support no matter what their behavior. Teens might also insist that drinking or doing drugs should be their own choice, just as it is for adults. But the reverberations both for themselves and for those about them suggest the desirability of pressing them to limit such activities in a way that might not be appropriate for adults.David Elkind has warned against pushing children too fast in an age-inappropriate manner. Latency-age children bear much of the burden of a faster-paced society. Adults are spending more time at work than ever before; children are shuffled between activities in part due to their parents' schedules. Children's time outside of school has become more structured; they participate in extracurricular pursuits at earlier ages. Doing nothing, as in â€Å"those lazy, hazy days of summer,† previously part of the culture of a child, is no longer promoted or valued. Some children no longer just go out to play, they have â€Å"play dates.† They are infrequently left free to explore what they would do if there were nothing to do. There is no time for daydreaming. Television and computers have replaced quieter moments. Rarely do you hear a child say, â€Å"Turn off the television. I want to read now. † In this speeded-up society, adults are resigned to Elkind's concerns; there is no turning back for today's children. Parent s may rationalize and say it is a good learning experience for an eight-year-old to be home alone. Elkind's recommendation is that given the stress imposed on them, children should be taught skills to help them cope effectively with what is expected of them.For example, the â€Å"latchkey† child should be offered assistance such as phone numbers for reaching a parent, the police, and a neighbor, and instructions on what to do in case of fire. Rituals and routines are important components in the structure of the middle childhood years. As children begin to organize and classify their knowledge, they come to depend on routines to help them consciously and unconsciously deal with new issues and experiences. Birthdays, secular and religious rituals, and common developmental milestones all help them to find their place in the world.They are seeking to be connected to the larger society through attachments in school, with their peers, with their teachers, in social activities, and in their families. Ironically, because teenager’s are continually redefining their thinking about self and their own value systems, they are highly vulnerable to believing in media myths. As such, outside-in problems manufactured by the media through the power of suggestion and constant repetition become teenager’s' inside-out personal problems In short, adolescence is the stage in life when children begin to question their own thinking in light of what others think of them as well as for them.In this regard, teenager’s' sense of thinking is not wholly independent of their social sense of self. Although as parents, researchers, and teachers, we may be aware of the variable nature of the teenager’s' thinking self, we may not realize that adolescence is a relatively new stage in human development. In colonial America, teenager’s served as a source of cheap labor. With the advent of modern industrialization, longer periods of schooling have been requi red to prepare children for the workplace. This, in turn, has extended the time that children are economically dependent on their parents.As children enter the teenage culture, they are drawn away from their parents and into peer groups. In the process, teenager’s' developing social sense of self is placed into a tug of war between the norms and pressures of parents and friends. Adolescence in America is the psychological equivalent of toddlerhood. Just as toddlers move away from their parents physically, so teenager’s move away from their parents emotionally There are continuous negotiations between parents and children about distance. Children want to explore and parents want to keep them safe.And both toddlers and teenagers are outraged when their parents don't agree with them about the ideal balance of freedom and security. As teenager’s turn to their peers for validation and support, they often engage in intense experimentation, exploring a wide range of po ssibilities that often contradict parents' cherished beliefs in behavioral norms. In the process, teenagers may become the biggest enforcers and proselytizers for their own peer culture: Teenagers may punish other teenagers for failing to achieve the same impossible goals that they themselves are unable to obtain.Moreover, they may rush to set standards to ward off the imposition of others' standards on them. All the while, the content of the standards may remain variable often depending on what standards the media is marketing at a given time, from baggy pants and body piercing to tattoos and the latest neon hair styles. Teenager’s' social sense of self invariably leads to contradictions, as does their thinking sense of self. Social self-contradictions arise from teenager’s' membership in multiple groups that maintain different expectations and norms.More importantly, contradictions continually arise as teenager’s switch their loyalties from one peer group to t he next, giving rise to competing allegiances. In sum, teenager’s experience contradictions inside-out in terms of their thinking sense of self as well as outside in terms of their social sense of self. In many instances, the frustrations of these contradictions are further exacerbated by the academic sense of self that schools promote. One of the most visibly striking transformations during adolescence occurs as a girl's body changes in size and shape.Girls tend to appear rounder as their hips widen, and fat develops in the breasts, thighs, and buttocks. As these changes occur, culture tells girls that thinness is beautiful, even imperative. Not surprisingly, it is also during this period that girls become increasingly concerned with their bodies. Girls' changing bodies provide powerful stimuli to the self and others. A pertinent issue during early adolescence is that bodily changes bring about a sense of fragmentation in body image. Thus, the body is frequently depicted as a collection of individual parts, such as breasts and hips.So, for example, many girls this age worry about the size of their breasts. In the United States, bigger is generally considered better, yet not from girls' perspectives. Rather others are believed to hold that value. Because the body is often times viewed as a reflection of the self, the eroticization processes through which the body is transformed into a sexual object become a major source of conflict for many teenager girls. Teenager girls continue to suffer in multiple ways as a result of these complex social processes.Meanwhile the psychologists and psychiatrists who have historically led the study of what is known as â€Å"body image† have done so in ways that limit knowledge and understanding of girls, further contributing to the structures supporting domination and oppression of females. That is, these researchers have almost exclusively studied â€Å"body image† through quantitative measures that assum e objectivity. In the process, they have conveniently and openly ignored and dismissed contributions from social scientists and feminists who have studied the body from alternative and more hopeful perspectivesNevertheless, body image work has become influential, creating at least three problems. First, the historical study of â€Å"body image† has contributed to the objectification of the body. Second, â€Å"body image† researchers have created a logic of pathology to explain girls' problems Result of irresponsible sexual activity is substantial teenage motherhood. Yet the consequences of early childbearing are extremely damaging. Pregnancy doubles the risk that a girl will drop out of school; most such girls never return, regardless of their financial situation or ethnic background.Once the child is born, the girl is unlikely to be in a position to earn more than welfare would offer her and she has the responsibility of a child to boot. But if she chooses to go on we lfare, her sense of agency and independence is seriously damaged. If she marries instead, she is not only unlikely to finish her schooling but also faces a significantly higher probability of divorce than a woman who waits until her twenties to marry. Thus girls who engage in unprotected sex and who elect to keep their babies are at serious risk of a worse life than they could otherwise have expected.â€Å"But the damage does not stop there. The plight of their children is painful. Neither parent may take responsibility: they may be ignored by their fathers and handed to some female relative by their mothers. For the child, this may be a blessing in disguise, as the most irresponsible teens are those least likely to possess the qualities required for good childrearing. As these babies get older, however, they show the effects of their unfavorable environment. Children of teen mothers score worse on ability tests, get worse grades, and expect less in the way of education than childr en of older women.They also get less education, marry earlier, and divorce more often†. (p. 133) David Elkind questions the popular conception of parental authority Exerting parental authority doesn't mean that we can't play ball with our children or joke with them or have fun with them. Being a parent doesn't mean being an ogre or a relentless disciplinarian. Rather it means asserting ourselves as adults who have more experience, knowledge, and skill than our offspring. Children and teenagers are young and inexperienced. They very much need and want guidance and instruction from us. (205)At least three areas of concern arise from the literature about violence on television. The obvious ones are the relationship between television violence and aggression, even if the aggression is not directed against society, and the desensitization of children to pain and suffering. The less obvious one is the potential for children who are sensitive and vulnerable to become more fearful and insecure upon exposure to violence on television. â€Å"Television has brought murder into the home, where it belongs† (Elkind, p. 103). Murders and crime occur about ten times more frequently on television than in the real world.A third of all characters in television shows are committing crime or fighting it, most with guns. It becomes, therefore, a chicken-and-egg question. When one examines violence in films the trend towards increased gore and explicit horror is easily documented. Rather than reflecting the content and meaning associated with myths and fairy tales, horror films today are pure sensation with little serious content. If violence on television is controlled, children and adults will still be able to experience violence vicariously through other media such as films, books, and recordings.The contemporary challenges that have created this increase in stress among today's teenager’s, in Elkind's terms — the â€Å"perils of puberty,†  "peer shock,† and â€Å"family permutations†. Authentic parenting is an outgrowth of shared parenting but integrates unilateral and mutual authority depending on the concern at hand and the developmental stage of the child. But it is also leavened by a realization that each parent can perform their roles in ways that are true to their own temperaments, personalities, and experience. Finally, there is an emergent relationship between community and family.How well a family does is seen as partly dependent upon the ties it has with the community and the resources and assets available in the community. Community service has become a part of the required curriculum in many schools. Other neighborhoods are reaching out to isolated families or individuals and families in trouble. Some schools have become â€Å"lighted schoolsâ€Å"—twenty-four-hour family resource centers providing programs, services, and opportunities for connections to others. According to Elkind, i nterdependence is a central value and sentiment that underlies this emerging family form.â€Å"Interdependence is founded upon a sense of being both one and many, of being different from everyone else and like them at the same time† (p. 220). Traces of his longing for the modern family aside, Elkind's thesis about the new family embodies some of what we know about family resilience to this point. And it can apply in spirit to all families and caretaking relationships. It is important, as a starting point, to realize that every family, even those in the midst of gripping disorganization and bewildering turmoil, has strengths and capacities.Every angry, demanding parent has moments of caring; every confused teenagers has moments of hope and clarity; every abusive father has a twinge of doubt or regret. At some time in every family's life there have been periods of relative calm and stability. Every family has overcome hurdles, some more successfully than others. All of these ar e resources to be drawn upon, by the family members themselves or by someone who would deign to be of help to them. Works Cited Elkind David. ( 1998). All Grown Up and No Place to Go: Teenagers in Crisis. Rev. ed. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley

Analysis on settlement hierachy coursework

In my introduction of my investigation I made a hypothesis that said, â€Å"the settlements of Prestwood and Wendover demonstrate the settlement hierarchy.† I predicted that Prestwood was a large village and Wendover was a small town, and I said that I would try and prove this by observing and comparing the two settlements with each other. Over the last four months I have investigated this hypothesis thoroughly and my results and data presentation have proved that my hypothesis was correct. I have collected this data in various different techniques, but my main technique was the questionnaire, which I carried out in both settlements. Some of which is primary information, like the questionnaire which I designed, the photographs which I took of particular services and characteristics in each settlement which I collected all myself; and some of it is secondary information like the data which I collected from the Aylesbury reference library. My data helps show that the two settlements that I carried out my investigation in, Prestwood and Wendover are placed in some sort of order in the settlement hierarchy. Prestwood is the smaller settlement of the two with a population of 7124 people, and Wendover being the larger settlement of the two having a population of 8612 people; I collected this data form the Aylesbury reference library. Also in Wendover there is a wider range of places where the people have visited from in Wendover, whereas in Prestwood the majority of people visited from within the settlement and so I sketched out a land use survey of the services and whether or not they were high or low. After examining and comparing each of the settlement diagrams I realized that there is higher amount of high order services in Wendover than Prestwood which symbolizes another characteristic of a town. Whilst collecting my data for my questionnaire I had to write down the services available and whether they were low or high services. I found out that Wendover has a larger amount of services available than Prestwood and so more people would visit the settlement due to the wider range of services. I carried out a traffic survey also and I found out that Wendover has a higher average of vehicles passed per minute in a busy part of the settlement than Prestwood. 1. What are the populations of the two settlements? To investigate about this question I researched and collected information from the Aylesbury reference library. During my visit there I found out the population of each settlement. I discovered that the population of people living in Prestwood is 7124 people. I also found that Wendover has a population of 8612 people. Due to the fact that I found out that Wendover has a larger population of people than Wendover it gives us the impression that it is a larger settlement also and more likely to be stated as being a town than a village. This makes my theory and prediction correct, when I stated that the larger settlement would have a larger population. 2. What services are available in each settlement? (Low/High) The settlement of Wendover contains of a large number of low, medium and high order services, with a total number of 10 low order, 21 medium order and 10 high order services. In the certain area of which I carried out my investigation there were a number of 10 low and medium order services and 8 high order services. The settlement of Prestwood contains mostly medium order services with some low order and one or two high order services. In the certain area of which I carried out my investigation in Prestwood there were a number of 10 low and medium orders services and 6 high order services. These facts agree with my theory and prediction of; the settlement with the larger population would have a larger number of high order services and the smaller settlement would have a larger percentage of low and medium order services. I think that this is true due to the fact that if there are more people living in the settlement there will correspondingly have a range of low, medium and high order services. 3. How far do people travel to visit Prestwood and Wendover for their services? (High/Low) During my investigation I carried out a questionnaire to find out information about this question. In the settlement of Wendover people travelled from distant surroundings like the outskirts of Aylesbury and Princes Risborough. Whereas in the settlement of Prestwood I found out that there are only very few people whom visit the services actually outside Prestwood, let alone travelling a long distance to use the services. I also discovered whilst carrying out my questionnaire in Wendover that most people whom have visited from a distance used the high order services, while on the contrary the settlement of Prestwood most people visited to use the low order services. These statistics give me the impression that people are only willing to travel a long distance to use the high order services rather than in Prestwood most people have travelled from within the village or the outskirts of it. Due to the fact that there are more high order services available in Wendover may be the reason in why there is a higher amount of people using the services, and why more people have travelled to Wendover from a distance than Prestwood. From my questionnaire research I found that the general maximum people travel to visit Prestwood is the settlement of Gt. Kingshill, which is only 3 minutes away from the services. I have not included the person whom visited from Aylesbury or Hughenden or the person whom was passing through, due to the number for each was so little. In extent, the maximum length people travel to use the services of Wendover was the settlements of Gt. Missenden and Prestwood, which is roughly 7 miles. 4. Do the number of services available reflect the population of each settlement? In Wendover the number of services does reflect the population of the settlement; this is due to having the population of a small town, being smaller than the large town and bigger than a large village. This is corresponding in the amount of the services and the type of order of the services, as there are more services, with a higher order than the small village but a smaller amount of services than the large town. In Prestwood the number of services does also reflect population of the settlement; this is due to having the population of a large village, being smaller than a small town but larger than a small village. This also corresponds in the amount of the services and the type of order of the services within the settlement. These statistics prove my prediction to be accurate due to the fact that I stated that the larger settlement, the higher the number of services available and the smaller the settlement the lower the number of services available. 5. How many vehicles pass in a certain place of each settlement? In the certain area of which I carried out my traffic survey in Wendover there seemed to be an awful lot more vehicles passing than in the area in Prestwood. I encountered that the average number of vehicles passed in Wendover was 22.467, which is a reasonable high amount. The average number of vehicles in Prestwood was 15.867. These statistics symbolizes the difference of traffic between a town and a village. The larger the settlement the more cars travelling throughout. In my opinion this is due to the population of Wendover being more then Prestwood being higher and so accordingly there should be a higher amount of cars travelling about. The data I gathered follows the theories I introduced in my introduction precisely, this states about the Settlement Hierarchy. All the settlements followed the settlement hierarchy. This theory states that the smaller the settlement and population the less frequency and quality of the services. Therefore the small towns, with small populations, have very few services and the ones that it does are of low quality. Oppositely the large settlements, with large populations, will have more services which are of better quality. I can see this trend of data in my results and data presentation. Prestwood has a smaller population so pursuing my theory it should have fewer services which are mostly of high and low order services, and from my data I can see that is true. Wendover is a larger settlement and has a larger population so, in agreement with my theory, it should have more services, which are of a high order. During the time in which I carried out my questionnaire in Prestwood I asked a man where he had travelled from to use the service he had used, and he replied that he was from Newport in Wales and had come down to visit some of his family. Due to this being very unusual answer I counted his data as an anomaly and did not include it in my results table or in any of my graphs. This interpretation does not relate to my knowledge of the area and that is one of the reasons in which I have not included this in my data. Another is that it does not agree and correspond with my theory and is a one-off occurrence during my investigation. As I have stated before, the settlement of Wendover would obviously be placed above Prestwood in the settlement hierarchy. But if I were asked to place them appropriately on the settlement hierarchy this is where I would. As you can see above I have placed the two settlements appropriately; Wendover is plotted beside the small town section and Prestwood at the top of the village section which is symbolizing that its is not quite a small town but a large village. In conclusion, during the time that I have carried out my investigation on whether â€Å"the settlements of Prestwood and Wendover demonstrate the settlement hierarchy† I have discovered many factors in thorough detail. I have found out that the settlement of Wendover and the settlement of Prestwood do in fact demonstrate in some order the settlement hierarchy. From my own knowledge, experiments and techniques I have made an opinion of my own that Prestwood is a large village and Wendover is a small town. I have discovered through secondary information from the Aylesbury reference library that the settlement of Prestwood has a population of 7124 people, and Wendover, the larger settlement of the two has a population of 8612 people. I have also established that the two settlements of Wendover and Prestwood also demonstrate the order of services hierarchy due to finding out that the larger population the larger the number of high order services and the smaller the settlement the larger percentage of low and medium order services. The larger the population the higher the number of services within and so there is a higher majority of people visiting from far distances. The higher the number of services in the settlement the larger the population and the larger the settlement the busier the roads and the higher amount of vehicles passing.