Metaphysical Poets Essay

The term metaphysical poets was coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion. These poets were not formally affiliated; most of them did not even know or read each other (Wikipedia). Their work is a blend of emotion and intellectual ingenuity, characterized by conceit or â€Å"wit†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is, by the sometimes violent yoking together of apparently unconnected ideas and things so that the reader is startled out of his complacency and forced to think through the argument of the poem. Metaphysical poetry is less concerned with expressing feeling than with analyzing it, with the poet exploring the recesses of his consciousness. The boldness of the literary devices used—especially obliquity, irony, and paradox—is often reinforced by a dramatic directness of language and by rhythms derived from that of living speech. Esteem for Metaphysical poetry never stood higher than in the 1930s and ’40s, largely because of T.S. Eliot’s influential essay â€Å"The Metaphysical Poets† (1921), a review of Herbert J.C. Grierson’s anthology Metaphysical Lyrics & Poems of the Seventeenth Century. In this essay Eliot argued that the works of these men embody a fusion of thought and feeling that later poets were unable to achieve because of a â€Å"dissociation of sensibility,† which resulted in works that were either intellectual or emotional but not both at once. In their own time, however, the epithet â€Å"metaphysical† was used pejoratively: in 1630 the Scottish poet William Drummond of Hawthornden objected to those of his contemporaries who attempted to â€Å"abstra ct poetry to metaphysical ideas and scholastic quiddities.† At the end of the century, John Dryden censured Donne for affecting â€Å"the metaphysics† and for perplexing â€Å"the minds of the fair sex with nice speculations of philosophy when he should engage their hearts . . . with the softnesses of love.† Samuel Johnson, in referring to the learning that their poetry displays, also dubbed them â€Å"the metaphysical poets,† and the term has continued in use ever since. Eliot’s adoption of the label as a term of praise is arguably a better guide to his personal aspirations about his own poetry than to the Metaphysical poets themselves; his use of metaphysical underestimates these poets’ debt to lyrical and socially engaged verse. Nonetheless, the term is useful for identifying the often-intellectual character of their writing (Encyclopedia Britannica). Without doubt Samuel Johnson’s choice of the word metaphysical to describe the followers of Donne was directly influenced by these earlier usages (th e Cleveland passage is quoted in Johnson’s Dictionary of 1755 to illustrate the definition of ‘Metaphysicks’). The category of poetry that indulged in metaphysics was a live one for later seventeenth-century poets, but for them metaphysics was a word used to mark the point at which strongly argued verse bordered on self-parody. There is more value than this, however, in the group name. Even in the earlier seventeenth century members of the core group of metaphysical poets were connected by a number of social, familial, and literary ties. Izaak Walton relates that Donne and George Herbert enjoyed ‘a long and dear friendship, made up by such a Sympathy of inclinations, that they coveted and joyed to be in each others Company’ (Walton, 57–8). Donne addressed poems to Herbert’s mother, Magdalen, and preached her funeral sermon, as well as writing a poem to Herbert’s brother, Edward, Lord Herbert. Herbert of Cherbury in turn read both Donne’s poetry and that of his own brother with care, and was a friend of Thomas Carew and Aurelian Townshend. Henry Wotton was the addressee of epistles in both verse and prose from his close friend John Donne, and at one point intended to write a life of Donne. Henry King (whose father ordained John Donne) was in daily contact with Donne at St Paul’s Cathedral, where the older poet was dean while King was chief residentiary. Donne bequeathed to King a portrait of himself dressed in his winding-sheet. Not surprisingly King’s verse is haunted by that of his friend, from whom he received manuscripts, as well as books and themes for sermons. Later in the century there were other close groupings of poets, who, although not linked by direct personal familiarity with Donne and Herbert, were bound to each other by ties of family, friendship, and literary consanguinity. Thomas Stanley was a cousin of Richard Lovelace and the nephew of William Hammond, and became a friend of John Hall, one of the most underrated of the minor metaphysical poets. Cowley was a friend and eventually elegist of Richard Crashaw. Pockets of metaphysicality also survived in several institutions: it cannot be an accident that Henry King, Abraham Cowley, Thomas Randolph, William Cartwright, and John Dryden all attended Westminster School. But by the later seventeenth century the bonds of friendship and affinity that had linked Donne and Herbert were in the main replaced by looser ties of literary indebtedness. Declaratory utterances to imagined or absent addressees who are summoned into being by the force of the speaker’s eloquence are common among poems by members of these networks, as are works that explore the balance and imbalance between the demands of the body and the spirit. Direct attempts to persuade, either through comparisons or through arguments that self-consciously display their logical elisions, are also among the most evident legacies left by Donne to his poetical heirs. No single one of these elements constitutes a metaphysical style, and it would also be wrong to suppose that all of them must be present in a given poem for it to be regarded as belonging to the tradition. It is also incorrect to believe that a poet who sometimes wrote poems in a metaphysical manner was always and in every poem a metaphysical. The metaphysical style was various. It also changed in response to historical events. Donne’s Poems and Herbert’s The Temple were both posthumously printed in 1633. Those publications immediately extended the literary communities of their authors through time and space, and the fact that both volumes were posthumous had a significant effect on the kind of influence they exerted. Donne and Herbert rapidly became models for imitation, but they could also be regarded as ideal representatives of an age that had passed. Imitation of them could therefore become an act not just of nostalgia, but of politically or theologically motivated nostalgia—as occurs most notably and heavy-handedly in the high Anglican pastiches of Herbert included in The Synagogue by Christopher Harvey, which was regularly bound with The Temple after 1640. In the political and ecclesiastical upheavals of the 1640s the metaphysical style moved on. Imitating Herbert in particular could signal a desire to resist the depredations suffered by the English church during the civil war. Richard Crashaw’s Steps to the Temple (1646) explicitly links itself by its title to Herbert’s volume. The editions of 1646 and 1648 include ‘On Mr. G. Herberts Booke’, which declares ‘Divinest love lyes in this booke’. Henry Vaughan’s preface to the second volume of Silex scintillans (1655) ascribes to Herbert’s influence his conversion from writing secular poems, and he marks the debt by adop ting the titles of several poems by Herbert for his own works. By the second part of Silex these allusions to Herbert carried a political charge, intimating Vaughan’s resistant attitude to the forcible ejection of conservatively minded ministers from churches in his native Wales by commissioners acting under the parliamentary ordinance for the propagation of the gospel. The gradual replacement of networks of closely connected individuals by relationships between dead authors and their readers is perhaps a central reason for the emergence of metaphysics (in the pejorative sense) in later seventeenth-century verse. The two later poets stigmatized by Johnson as ‘metaphysical’, Cleveland and Cowley, knew Donne only as a voice in a book. Efforts to reanimate that voice often show signs of strain. But the move from personal to textual connection between members of the group did not always have undesirable consequences. Andrew Marvell, who ever since John Aubrey’s ‘Brief life’ has tended to be regarded as an isolated figure in the literary landscape, has perhaps the most distinctive poetic voice of any member of the group. By describing pastoral figures with wounded or sullied innocence who argue perplexedly about their own fate and the unattainability of their own desires, Marvell transformed the metaphysical style into an idiom appropriate for a period of political division and national crisis. He was not entirely disconnected from its other practitioners: he was at Trinity College, Cambridge, at the same time as Abraham Cowley, and he wrote a commemorative poem for Henry, Lord Hastings, in Lacrymae musarum (1649), a volume that included poems by Dryden as well as John Hall. He and Hall were both among those who composed dedicatory poems for Richard Lovelace’s Lucasta (1648). Like Cleveland, Marvell owed his reputation in the later part of his career largely to his political and satirical poems, but his posthumously published Miscellaneous Poems (1681) shows that a reader of earlier metaphysical verse who actively responded to his changing times could transform the idiom of his predecessors (Oxford Dictionary of National Biography). Works cited Colin Burrow, ‘Metaphysical poets (act. c.1600–c.1690)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edn, Oxford University Press, Feb 2009 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/95605, accessed 5 Aug 2012] Encyclopedia Britannica www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/377915/Metaphysical-poet Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysical_poets

Is there a pay differential between whites and blacks? Essay

Forty-five years ago, President Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act into law, by pronouncing it unauthorized and illegal to pay African Americans and whites employed in the same work place different wages for the same exact equal work. The ratio of whites to African Americans average pay was 58 percent on an annually income. According to the Lexicon Universal Encyclopedia, wage differential is the difference in wage rates between two types of workers. Wage differential is very common in our society today. Researchers have concluded that wage differential only exists in certain demographic areas, based on race and gender. There is a common prophecy that men earn more earnings than women, and whites earn more earnings than African Americans. According to MSN. com, discrimination is different treatments of others based solely on their membership in a socially distinct group or category, such as race, ethnicity, religion, age or disability. Also, discrimination is an unfair act with compelling force, which is commonly known throughout society. Unlawful discrimination is related to the mistreatment of others. Due to discrimination occurring in the work place, African American employees are being shortchanged on their wages for doing the same job that whites are doing and are earning more earnings than African Americans. Researchers have found out that this has happened and is still occurring in jobs today, and therefore the government will have to make an intervention to displace discriminatory acts in businesses. Using data from a 2006 Survey of Income and Discrimination Participation, researchers were able to come up with the fact that there is a 62 percent difference in the wages that are offered to African Americans. Labor curves are sloping upwards and this means that wage discrimination against African Americans sometimes reduce not just their percentage wage but also their percentage of employment rates. The difference in average pay between African Americans and whites are a result of the labor market. The characteristics that African Americans and whites bring are totally different resulting in different wages. Some jobs discriminate against African Americans by employers and co-workers who would rather prefer whites. There are jobs that prefer white males only to do manual and physical labor, but you have African Americans in a white male only field ready to take on the work and try and do a better job at it. II. IDENTIFYING THE ISSUES According to the BlackCommentator Magazine, it says that there are two common excuses for wage racial inequality and that is age and geographic location. Racial wage plays a part in inequality due to the fact that African Americans are younger than whites. So therefore younger African American will take a lower pay than older whites. Dealing with the geographic area of African Americans; African Americans mostly reside in the South. The South is known for its low paying jobs and whites have acquired this knowledge and decided to move North in an effort to find better jobs and better knowledge. African Americans are obtaining the skills that whites have acquired and are really becoming similar, the only problem is that whites are getting paid more and this is a result of a significant gender wage gap. Public policy in the United States has aimed at improving and equalizing opportunities for African Americans. According to â€Å"Explaining Trends in the Gender Wage Gap† a report by The Council of Economic Advisors, it estimates that whites were over paid and that African Americans were under paid by at least 60 percent in the mid 1950s. In the 1970s, the ratio began to rise, and in the mid 1990s, the gender wage pay began to rise even more again reaching more than 75 percent. The gender wage gap can be revisited to an unexplained part in society that may be due to African Americans low labor market skills. Reduced gender wage gap for African Americans has contaminated our society today. If African Americans would invest in more labor skills and education, then the gender wage gap will make an increasing hike. Researchers have attempted to retrieve evidence on the gender wage gap. Economists have known that African Americans and whites wages are determined on the combining of the employer and employee status. Needless to mention on the two interact with one another. Understanding the establishment of wage differentials is determined by how important the labor market theories are of the environment. The magnitude of how this affects the labor market is tremendously understated. According to www. clinton4. nara. gov, the U. S. Census Bureau Standard Statistical Establishments lists that the gender wage gap must decompose as a result of African Americans in a substantially proportioned rate of pay wage gap. There still remains a wage differential in the gender wage gap of about 75 percent of what whites earns. There has been a decline in the gender wage gap in recent decades about 25 percent over the last 20 years. The Occupational Employment Statistics program for the Bureau of Labor Statistics is allowed to calculate occupational wage differentials to the highest degree of occupational setting across sectors of the economy. The empirical difference of wage differential among African Americans and whites estimates how wages are influenced by individual works. The decomposition of wages between a worker and their job is the regulation that the workforce supposedly provides stable establishments in the economy. The Gender Wage Gap (Median annual earnings of African Americans and Whites). YearWhite menBlack menWhite womenBlack women 1970100%69. 0%58. 7%48. 2% 197510074. 357. 555. 4 198010070. 758. 955. 7 198510069. 763. 057. 1 199010073. 169. 462. 5 199210072. 670. 064. 0 199410075. 171. 663. 0 199510075. 971. 264. 2 199610080. 073. 365. 1 199710075. 171. 962. 6 199810074. 972. 662. 6 199910080. 671. 665. 0 200010078. 272. 264. 6 200310078. 275. 665. 4 200410074. 576. 768. 4 The average African American has only one-ninth of net worth or asset of the average white person. The wealth gap among African Americans and whites is just not based on income. Wealth gaps came about in the 1960s and hit the African American society really hard. Earning gaps respond at all levels of education; even when the levels of education and work experience are the same between African Americans and whites. The racial gap consistently remains between 10 to 20 percent, and the racial gap does not necessarily reflect discrimination, but mostly it observes the labor market that has segmented into two races. The whites are continuing to receive an advantage in the segmented markets over equally qualified blacks. The wealth gap is at the core of many socioeconomic differences that have persisted during the post dramatic era. Closing the racial wealth gap will be an extreme challenge to face in the years to come. According to Kenneth Crouch, an Associate Professor of Economics says that the distribution of African Americans wages have become more like that of white, yet the considerable process has yet to be made before there can be such a word called equal among African Americans and whites. There is a visibility between African Americans and whites in fringe benefits due to the total compensation with a percentage of nearly 40 percent. The benefit level depends on the income of African Americans and whites for adequate health pensions and a successful retirement. Fringe benefits are a big part of life and will come in handy when needed most. During the recent years, African Americans and whites non-wage compensation had increased more than wages and salaries. It was also contemplated that fringe benefits had no serious biases which resulted from the neglect of salaries and wages. Human capital is the attributes of a person that is productive in some economic context such as a stock of productive skills and or technical knowledge embodied in labor. Many early economic theories refer to it simply as labor, one of three factors of production, and consider it to be a tangible resource — homogeneous and easily interchangeable. It often refers to formal educational attainment, with the implication that education is investment whose returns are in the form of wage, salary, or other compensation. These are normally measured and conceived of, as private returns to the individual but can also be social returns. Human capital is often viewed as the most important determinant of wages. Human capital may come in different forms such as, schooling, training courses, honesty, and lectures therefore human capital like this will most likely raise earnings in today’ society. People cannot be separated from knowledge, health, or values that they may have acquired through human capital. According to Harvard economists, Richard Freeman, he wrote The Overeducated American, and this caused a huge downfall to investments in human capital. This made people come to a realization that maybe education, training, and investments really did not raise productivity or raise earnings. The economy of human capital has brought about a dramatic change in the lives of African Americans. III. DATA (TRENDS IN THE BLACK-WHITE WAGE GAP) The wage gaps between African Americans and whites are largely determined by educational disparities and occupational differences. There is evidence that African Americans fall short on wages due to the relative wage median. A government study finds that the African American wage gap in employment and earnings reduces when educational achievement levels are advanced. There are some mere facts that go along with the wage differential of African Americans and whites: †¢Whites continue to receive substantial privileges and preferences than African Americans †¢The argument that racial wage gap merely reflects different levels of qualifications and experience between African Americans and whites is simply unattainable. †¢African Americans test scores and other academic achievements is different and the whites test scores account for at least 17 percent of the wage gaps †¢African Americans median incomes are presented in every region and are lower than median incomes for whites †¢African Americans lack the natural resources that are need in order to better themselves and receive an attainable education. On average African American workers also have less education than white workers and are more likely to work in lower paying occupations. Depending if African American employees have the same education as white workers, African Americans relative wages would only improve by only a few cents on every dollar. The growing disparities of wage gaps are likely to be persistent, educated, and well skilled workers. Education and training are the most important investments in human capital. Education and work experience play a major part in expanding the career percentage. Education and work experience can account for about one half of the racial wage gap. Education is a very distinctive part of what your income is based on. It depends on your educational level and how far you chose to go in your education process. It is highly important to grace your presence with some kind of college degree, so that you will have something to fall back on. A higher education is a positive for human capital. Opening up access to education and reducing the barriers to therefore formalize reconstruction among the most liberal policy-problem solvers are becoming available to improve wages for African Americans across the country. According to â€Å"The Effect of a College Degree on Wages: The Different Experiences of African Americans and Whites by Sylvia Jones, the labor market experiences after graduation is useful to a variety of entities. It includes observing the effects of education of an individual earning a high-indulged wage figure, in addition to other factors such as age, gender, and experience. There is a major difference in the earnings between college graduates and high school graduates. There is about a 65 percent difference in this correlation. There are so many African American men and women with high school diplomas who are displaced in the same jobs that have work experience but lack a college degree. Do African American men and women that acquire a college degree make more money than those with work experience? Studies have revealed that other aspects of discrimination in the labor market are due to the enormous jump in the number of African Americans and white workers who finish high school. The trend in African Americans is a remarkable downgrade because the relatively larger share does not have a high school diploma. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) indicated that white men and women with a higher education have higher earnings and are less likely to be unemployed. Jobs that require a higher education account for about 71 percent of all jobs and it is rapidly growing to increase the economy. The United States still has that thrive to produce high paying jobs that are requiring advanced education. IV. WAGES AND OBSERVABLE CHARACTERISTICS The wages for African Americans and whites are substantially different because of the educational process, which we all fail to realize that we need. African Americans as people need to realize that the world is changing and that technology is also changing. Some African American men and women lack the knowledge to know when it’s okay to come up and outshine others because you want more in life than the next person. There has been a vast improvement since the 1980s in African Americans attending college to advance their career to get the same career wage percentage as whites. African Americans tend to sideline to other occupations that may fit into their perspective and that lets others realize, who may be afraid to come up and that’s basically called occupational segregation. Occupational segregation is the concentration of men and women in different kinds of job, as where the workforce of a particular industry or sector is mostly made up of one particular gender. Occupational segregation is one of the main reasons for the gender gap wage gap between men and women. For African American men and women working full-time it is currently 45% of that group receiving unfair wages compared to whites. According to â€Å"Gender Inequality and Difference,† occupational segregation has been concluded into many debates about gender. The causes of occupational segregation are gender bias based on stereotypical, biological and social differences between men and women. Occupational segregation problems arise when these stereotypes are used subconsciously to prejudge a person’s ability and competence such as a woman is emotional and caring, and a man is aggressive and competitive. Levels of occupational segregation are held responsible for the discrepancy between African Americans and whites among wage differential. Occupational segregation is basically another form of discrimination. The analysis of the changes that has influenced the occupational segregation on African Americans earning’s should clarify the mechanisms that maintain the gender inequality in the labor market. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, the relationship between African Americans and whites in the educational progression varies in different economic outcomes. The black-white educational gap differed in size dependent on the consistency of demonstrating necessarily the widening of the gap or the narrowing of the gap in African American cases. The occupational segregation is due to the empirical approach estimating the function of the earnings for African American to combine demographic and socioeconomic characteristics to accumulate wage determination. African Americans historically worked disproportionately some of the lowest paying occupations known to man. The most important factor in explaining this continuous trend is a reduction in the concentration of lower pay in industries for African Americans. Studies have also shown that in the 1960s, wage inequality in the United States has sharply declined following the passage of the Civil Rights Act and other anti-discriminatory measures that happened historically to try and help African Americans receive the equality of what is right. Wage contingency in the 1960s may have been some sort of aide by a set of unique forces. Post 1968 wage convergence has been imputed into racial growth in the quantity and quality of schooling, and the immense impact of anti-discrimination enacted, resulting to the Great Compression. This may have produced some un-marked erosion of wage differentials between skilled and unskilled in order to form the labor of the Great Compression. The Great Compression followed the Great Depression and produced a wage differential that structured more than that ever has been experience. Wage compression’s contribution to racial discrimination throughout the wage factor has a greater impact on whites than African Americans. Between half and one-thirds of whites and African Americans wage discriminations can be attributed to the utmost changes in wage structures induced by the Great Compression. Wage structure changes are similar through wage distribution, differences in wage convergence due to movements of African Americans is primarily due to observable quantities (X’s) and the amount of wage distribution. The Great Compression only increased the relative wages of African Americans in the short term, but may have also helped in the long run. The Great Compression led to a greater racial wage convergence in the 1960s among African Americans by the narrowing differences between skilled workers and unskilled workers, and by the divulgence of wages within occupational orientation and other labor market groups. The Great Compression produced a substantial narrow amount of wage differentials in the United States. The Great Compression was solely a narrowing of mean wage discrimination between occupational grouping, education, and the color of ones skin. The effect of change in wage differential – the prices and residual terms are evidence that throughout wage distribution only occurs in African Americans. Compression is considered observation in prices was about thirty to fifty percent times the residual rate. This is a fairly high rate in dealing with compression of African Americans. Groshen’s methodology and basic finding has been replicated according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics acknowledging that 40-45 percent of individual wage varies in the establishment of wage differentials. Groshen offers three main reasons in explanation for why there is no sole source in the establishment of wage differentials. The first explanation talks about labor quality and how employers sort workers by the ability of prediction that systematically produce team models. Industry wage differentials are estimated longitudinal which proxies’ information for the standard human capital variables. The second explanation is the existence of wage differentials for that of differentials with are compensated. Compensating differentials is defined as wage premiums paid to workers to compensate them for undesirable working conditions. The relationship between the wage rate and compensating differentials is used to analyze relations of risk and undesirable attributes. Therefore this puts salaries and wage on the back burner because some of the employees know that they are not being treated equal but never say a word because they are compensated. The idea of compensating differentials has been used to annihilate issues such as the loss of income and the risk of future unemployment. The third and final explanation results in negotiating and bargaining. Employers offer to share profits of the company as an act of bargaining. Some show a positive relationship between the individual’s wage and the industry’s profit, resulting in the employee to have taken a loss. V. CONCLUSION Using the wage decomposition by Groshen, it has been documented that the wage structural program paid to certain occupational standards such as African Americans being paid less and not being treated as equals compared to whites is becoming above the wage premium predicted. Forty-five percent of wage variation is explained by merely knowing the individuals standards that he or she has established. Today’s characteristics are being observed for their accountability is being reduced by more than half which was less than a century ago. There is the written authorization to act in the place of another known as proxy to determine the unobserved characteristics of the establishment that are correlated with today’s wages. This is because our method controls observed and unobserved characteristics in the workforce therefore restricting an extension on the possibility of further investigations. This paper examines that there was the existence of wage differentials back in the 1940s through to the 1980s. There is also a recent analysis that shows that matched employer-employee workers are breaking the barriers of treating one person of different ethnicity with the same amount work experience and the same amount of education that another person of a different ethnicity has. There has been a significant change in wage differential since the resources are available to African Americans as well as other ethnic groups. The paper follows the wage gap and its factors throughout using cross-sectional data. There is bias information being imputed from earnings in the section of the wage differentials which characterizes the classification exhaustive. An ignored implication concludes that researchers in the future need to pay closer attention on how wage differentials are estimated differently according to the presence of imputed earnings. 1. James P. Smith and Michael P. Ward, â€Å"Women’s Wages and Work in the Twentieth Century,† RAND Corporation, October 1984. 2. Frank Levi and Richard J. Murnane, â€Å"U. S. Earnings Levels and Earnings Inequality: A Review of Recent Trends and Proposed Explanations,† Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXX (September 1992), pp. 1333-1381. 3. Elaine Sorensen, â€Å"Gender and Racial Pay Gaps in the 1980’s: Accounting for Different Trends,† Urban Institute, Washington, D. C. , 1991. 4. Anil Bamezai, â€Å"Rising Earnings Disparity and Technological Change,† RAND Corporation, 1989 dissertation. 5. Joseph R. Meisenheimer II, â€Å"How do immigrants fare in the U. S. labor market? ,† Monthly Labor Review, December 1992. 6. U. S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, â€Å"Monthly News from the U. S. Bureau of the Census, Census and You,† Vol. 28, No. 2. , February 1993. 7. Nabanita Datta Gupta, â€Å"Probabilities of Job Choice and Employer Selection and Male-Female Occupational Differences,† American Economic Review, Vol. 83, No. 2, May 1993. 8. Robert Topel, â€Å"Specific Capital, Mobility and Wages: Wages Rise with Job Seniority,† National bureau of Economic Research, Inc. , 1990. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-70, No. 10, Male-Female Differences in Work Experience, Occupation, and Earnings: 1984, U. S. 9. The Council of Economic Advisers, â€Å"Explaining Trends In the Gender Wage Gap,† June1998 10. http://maloney. house. gov/documents/olddocs/womenscaucus/2003EarningsReport. pdf 11. http://clinton4. nara. gov/WH/EOP/CEA/html/gendergap. html 12. http://permanent. access. gpo. gov/lps49666/wagegap2. htm 13. http://www. umbc. edu/economics/grad_699_abstracts/y_guo_proposal. pdf 14. http://www. highbeam. com/doc/1P2-733774. html 15. http://www. ilo. org/public/english/employment/strat/download/getw07. pdf 16. http://wydoe. state. wy. us/lmi/1001/a1. htm.

Cholera Epidemic

Cholera Epidemic Epidemics have played an important role in modern European history. In particular, epidemic diseases have been a frequently repeated feature of human history up to the present day. A classic example of such a disease in Europe during the 1800s is cholera. This disease caused profuse diarrhea, severe dehydration, collapse, and often death. As cholera travelled throughout towns and cities, it took advantage of overcrowded housing conditions, poor hygiene and insanitary water- supplies.Studies suggested that these conditions might almost have been designed for it. Furthermore, cholera affected the poor more than the well-off and the rich due to lack of sanitary attention. This led to the Judgement of the poor and how people blamed them for causing the disease of cholera. However, when it spread to the middle classes, they needed to address a different cause for cholera. Cholera spread in a series of a waves or pandemics. The disease made isolated appearances in Europe a nd was regarded as the classic epidemic disease of the nineteenth century.Still, three major questions are to be addressed about cholera. First, was the psychological and social impact of cholera powerful enough to enable he absolute numbers of people affected and was its impact minor compared to tuberculosis? Second, did cholera epidemics play a part in the major political disruptions of the nineteenth century? Thirdly, did people blame the state for outbreaks of cholera, and did this lead to any changes in state policy from country to country?In terms of its spread, the cholera bacillus enters the body through the mouth and the digestive system. The subsequent symptoms include massive vomiting and diarrhea. Cholera was shocking to the nineteenth century; it was considered a disease that came from the â€Å"uncivilized† east. To address the first question, cholera seemed to affect healthy adults Just as much as, or even more than, it affected they young and old, the sickly a nd the weak.Cholera affected the poor more than the rich, â€Å"and the widespread middle class view that the poor only had themselves to blame was hardly calculated to mollify the apprehensions of the poor. â€Å"l In addition, the â€Å"undeserving† poor were the most affected because the poor did not have access to clean water and sanitization while the well-off or the rich did. In turn, the poor could easily interpret the immunity of the bourgeoisie as evidence of unfairness on the art of the rich to reduce the burden of poverty by killing off the main victims.Clear evidence of the social distribution of the disease is difficult to say, but the â€Å"distribution of cholera obviously to some extent reflected whether or not a local water-supply nad been contaminated†¦ proximity to intected water was i tselt at least in part socially determined†¦ â€Å"2 It was sad to see that the poor were blamed for the cause of the disease because it is unfair to the poor s ince they cannot afford to have better sanitization. Statistics suggested that while it could and did affect the well-off nd the rich, its impact on the poor was disproportionately high in most epidemics like cholera.Because of their wealth, the rich could flee from outbreaks with ease and their occupations did not have to deal with contact with contaminated water and with their employment of servants. Moreover, their toilet facilities were maintained well. One could see the differential impact of cholera between the rich and the poor which worsened social tensions. The poor suffered because of overcrowding and poor sanitation, and because they could not employ servants to take necessary hygienic recautions. However, they are not the one to blame for the cause of the cholera epidemic.According to Sir Edwin Chadwick, â€Å"various forms of epidemic, endemic, and other disease caused, or aggravated, or propagated chiefly amongst the laboring classes by atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal and vegetable substances, by damp and filth, and close and overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst the population†¦ â€Å"3 However, there are solutions to the circumstances mentioned. The removal of drainage, proper cleansing, better ventilation, and alternative ways of ecreasing contamination can help people live a better sanitized life.The main cause, however, is the defective supplies of water. If clean water could be supplied throughout the cities and towns, epidemics like cholera would not have to happen wiping out at least half of the victims. Such a simple request can make the place a better one. Additionally, Chadwick mentioned how the annual loss of life from filth and bad ventilation are greater than the loss from death or wounds in any wars. I think that it is unfortunate that so many people die from grimy living conditions; if only the imple requests were Just to be granted, then it would be a win-win situation.The expense of public drainage, of supplies of water laid on in houses, and improved cleansing would be a huge gain and it would ultimately decrease sickness. Chadwick makes a great point stating, â€Å"the removal of noxious physical circumstances, and the promotion of civic, household, and personal cleanliness, are necessary to the improvement of the moral condition of the population; for that sound morality and refinement in manners and health are not long found coexistent with filthy habits amongst any class of the community. Chadwick claims that these adverse conditions of the laboring class tends to produce adults who abandon all of life's decencies and indulge in habits of degradation and demoralization. This statement is somewhat agreeable because I do believe that horrible living conditions and shortened life spans would lead many to migrate. However, it does not mean that it is inevitable because people from this background can choose to live morally if they want. To address the second question, there i s little doubt that cholera epidemics tend to occur at moments ot crisis in European history.

Hamlets Journey from Antic Disposition to Actual Insanity Essay

Hamlets Journey from Antic Disposition to Actual Insanity - Essay Example Since Hamlet is guided by the ghost of the previous king about his murder by poisoning him into the ear while sleeping in the orchard, the protagonist appears to be determined to retaliate to his uncle i.e. King Claudius and mother Queen Gertrude eventually. He this seeks relief in pretending insanity, but subsequently appears to be becoming real insane out of sheer rage and fury in the wake of the disclosure made by the ghost at the beginning of the play. However, his insanity, either pretended or actual, has been a matter of great interest for the critics and analysts alike, where it becomes very difficult whether his real mental disorder begins after the end of his pretending the same, or he is in full senses till he encounters his fatal end. In addition, the curiosity also arises about the temporary state of insanity he undergoes, which maintains close proximity with real mental retardation instead of the feign kind of lunacy. Hamlet’s insanity appears in the play in Act I Scene V, immediately after the revelation made by the ghost, which invites Hamlet’s arousal, who looks resolute to enquire whether the ghost is justified in its claim or not. However, he is confident about the truthfulness of the statement made by the ghost; it is, therefore, he declares the queen as the most pernicious woman and a villain as well (Act I, Sc. V, line 105), which would not wait for even few weeks to remarry with the new king after the assassination of her previous husband. One of his first soliloquies also elucidates the same that even a beast could mourn longer the death of a spouse than his mother has done (Act I, Sc. II, lines 150-151); consequently, he declares frailty as synonymous to the woman (I, ii, line 146). Consequently, the situation of his father’s murder and his mother’s second marriage disturbs Hamlet in such a way that everything looks drab, dull and dismal to him. Eventually, he decides to take any step, even committing suicide to bring his life to an end. However, he decides pretending insanity, in order to punish the culprits involved in the conspiracy of his father’s murder. Hamlet settles his mind on wearing black clothes while attending the royal court in order to demonstrate his melancholy over his father’s sad demise as well as make the protest against the assassination through his words, acts, and gestures. Since his inner sorrow is so great that his dour appearance is merely a poor mirror of it (I.ii.68), so he would prefer to stay in nightly color in order to realize the queen about the graveness of the sad incident. In addition, he also takes his friend Horatio into confidence by informing him that he would observe feign madness and be finding anything odd and strange in his behavior would be just putting on an act (I, v, 166-183). The play, arranged by Prince Hamlet within the play, reveals that he has not observed real madness till he had hired the services of the actors. It is, therefore, he states that the play is the thing where he would catch the conscience of the king (II, ii, 600-601) by keenly witnessing his expressions at the death scene of the player king. He also plays the same trick on the queen by noticing her expressions, while the player queen views: A second time I killed my husband died when the second husband kissed me in bed.

GOLD NANO PARTICLES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GOLD NANO PARTICLES - Essay Example variations that are used in comprehension of plasomons which depends on the wavelength, otherwise known as conduction-band electrons during oscillation. This phenomenon translates into absorption and scattering ability of light, which is an important feature to biological applications like sensing and imaging. The ability of bio molecules to interact both inside and at the surface of a cell can result into varied interactions according to the size of nanoparticle. Currently, for medical sector purposes, it is possible to modify and fabricate nanoparticles and AUNPS is best for clarifying the distinct properties of the â€Å"red surface Plasmon resonances band at 520† with catalytic activity which is high and easily fabricated with the use of thiol interconnected to SS-DNA which enables them to be components that are stable for bio-sensing purposes. When nanoparticles and biological elements of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are combined, they can reveal specific functions in bioprobes and biosensors. It is therefore, important to note that, nanoscale particles possess clear and exceptional potential of detecting and accurately diagnosing cancer (Chan 2007). To increase the level of sensitivity like in surface enhanced Rayleigh scattering, surface enhanced fluorescence, and surface enhanced Raman scattering, the use of surface Plasmon have been significant. Though, SERS is an attractive and has very unique technique that can be vital in measuring rotational, vibration and molecules of low transition frequency based on Raman scattering (Chan

Artificial Intelligence in Health Care Delivery System Essay

Artificial Intelligence in Health Care Delivery System - Essay Example In the market-driven health system, consumers or people decide what goods (health module) to buy and at what cost. Therefore, the prices and the level of services become the crucial factor in the exchange of goods or the healthcare services. In the last few decades, United State has seen a marked shift in the healthcare which has moved from public driven policies to market funded paradigms. Healthcare is funded by private agencies and insurers and not by the government. Health insurance purchased by individuals and employers are the primary source of funding for healthcare delivery. The healthcare-related websites offer huge information about the healthcare services that may satisfy the needs of individuals, the family and the businesses. The websites of private insurance players promoting a wide range of healthcare products have become the main tools of market strategy. AIG is one of the world’s leading insurance and financial services with operations in more than 130 countri es across the globe (aig.com). The company offers a huge range of healthcare products in the insurance area for individuals and businesses. It facilitates options and premium calculations, including providing the people to customise products to suit their affordability, requirement and general welfare. Overall this link broadly gives the information so they are able to query in detail about the diseases and health plans with their service providers. Yes, using information technology in the insurance field greatly promotes artificial intelligence in healthcare. AI can be broadly defined as ‘the study of ideas which enable computers to do the things that make people seem intelligent ... The central goals of Artificial Intelligence are to make computers more useful.

Discussion Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Discussion Question - Assignment Example If the company will just rely on company-owned stores, it will not be able to achieve the international exposure that it needs. One believes that franchising is the key to increasing the company’s market share worldwide. It will not be financially draining for the company unlike if company-owned stores are established. Another major organizational change which one proposes is for the company to require their store managers to conduct weekly meetings with the sales staff. This is being suggested because one believes that the sales staffs are the people who would know exactly what the customers want. At present, the sales staffs are not consulted about the scents or products that the customers prefer. One believes that management should give importance to the sales staff by asking feedback from them. This could be done through the weekly meetings. Furthermore, this will motivate the sales people more because they will realize that their opinions are important to the company. The organizational changes proposed above will hopefully help the company improve its profitability and at the same time lead them to the road towards global success. The implementation of the suggested changes may take some time but it will definitely benefit the company in the long

Opportunities for Food Company to Develop Healthier Eating Products Assignment

Opportunities for Food Company to Develop Healthier Eating Products - Assignment Example With growing efforts by the government and a high level of media interventions, the arena of healthy foods is becoming an important side for the research day by day. Not only that, but it is also becoming an increasingly important factor for the consumer as well as the retailers. This movement has thus worked as an advantage for the food manufacturers and processors as the demand in the product areas such as organic, vegetarian, and low-fat/low-sugar foods has increased to a great extent. In the recent years, there has been a change in the mind-set of the manufacturers and processors in dealing with the demand generated for these products and the need to develop new and innovative ways before-hand. Nowadays, these manufacturers and processors are becoming more and more proactive in dealing with these issues. The reasons for such a shift can be attributed from various reasons. To begin with, it has been realized that there has been an increase in the amount of disbelief by the consumers over the current health claims presented by the manufacturers. This means, that the consumers are now deciding for themselves; the market has now presented the manufacturers with various dimensions to market themselves to as the market has now segmented to those who fall to such claims generated by the manufacturers and those who do not. ... than that, it has also been observed that since lifestyles of each age group have now changed, there has been a decline in the formal lunch times which has, hence, increased in snack food market; for instance day time is spent on the office desk and night time is spent playing games (case study). On top of that, consumers are being more interested in healthy foods. Therefore, there has been an increase in consumers as well as the retailers that favor healthier low fat, low salt, and low sugar products. This is so, because there has been an increase in the time pressures in the lives of the consumers. The term ‘grazing’ can effectively be applied here as there has been reported an increase in the frequency of smaller meals in the day. The number of consumers carrying hand held snacks while simultaneously being health conscious have also increased during the years. This means, that the manufacturers must learn to anticipate demand quickly of this growing market and thus th ink of innovative ways in all areas to improve quality and grasp the already expanding market share. As far as the changes in the healthy eating environment is concerned, Winson (71-82) mentions in his study about a healthy eating movement that is gradually picking up pace. According to the paper, the author states that â€Å"this movement is directly related to and is a collection of various small food movements. The list includes the likes of the slow food movement, the movement promoting organic foods and the re-localizing food. The latter is one of those movements that has been on the rise lately and has held the attention of various researches. The overall food movement has also been closely related to food security initiatives that gathered attention after the era of nineties. Other than the

Goya's third of May, 1808 and Velazquez's Surrender at Breada Essay

Goya's third of May, 1808 and Velazquez's Surrender at Breada - Essay Example One needs to have a thorough understanding of the historical and cultural backgrounds in which these masterly paintings were composed. The 17th century Dutch witnessed the full ushering of painting, architecture, and sculpture. It was actually the Golden Age in the history of the Dutch. Culturally the country got advanced. The citizenry played a major role in the all round development of the country especially in the cultural advancement of the country. There were many cultural associations in the cities which contributed very much to the development of literary activities like poetry, drama, discussions etc. Calvinism as a form of religion got great impetus in the period. Even though lack of political stability created much chaos in the minds of the people it did not affect the ushering of arts in any way. It was in this background that Velazquez composed his ever memorable work namely Surrender at Breda. Culture of Spain is mostly Iberian culture marked by Roman influence in every realm. Muslim influence is vividly seen in the country during the period. It was against this background that Goya composed his master piece Third of May, 1808. There was an overall development in every field in the country. Culture of the country is manifested in its literature, painting, music etc. They are the main cultural aspects in which these works of art were given shape. Goya's Art are characterized... In this master piece many of his characteristic styles are imprinted. The work is famous for its use of realism, rich colors, lights and shadows etc. These characteristics styles can be found in almost all his works. The subject matter of The Third of May 1808 by Goya is that "it commemorates Spanish resistance to Napoleon's armies during the occupation of 1808. The work has an emotional force which secures its status as a ground breaking, archetypal image of the horrors of war." (Thomas). On the other hand Surrender at Breda by Velazquez is about" an event that took place on June 2 , 1625 when the Dutch governor, Justin de Nassau, delivered the keys of the city, symbolically, to Ambrosio de Spinola, the Spanish commander. This happened in fact three days after the city was taken. In 1639, shortly after the canvas was painted, Spain lost the city forever; it was conquered by Frederick Henry of Orange." (Velzquez). Symbols, colors and iconography are lavishly used in Velazquez's Surrender at Breda to bring effectiveness to the work. The use of these literary devices was very much the part of the culture of that time. In Goya's The Third of May 1808 the literary device symbolism is abundantly used to bring about catharsis on the beholder. Symbolism in the work explains its influence on the art world and the society. The other literary devices like iconography are not so lavishly used in Goya's The Third of May 1808 as in Velazquez's Surrender at Breda. There are many differences rather than similarities between these two works of art namely Goya's third of May, 1808 and Velazquez's Surrender at Breda. The main similarity between these works lies in their mode of painting i.e. both are oil on

Importance of Emotion and Alignment Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Importance of Emotion and Alignment Paper - Essay Example However, the culture clash was expected to be between the French way of leadership and his new Japanese employees. The Japanese were conservative and this made Ghosn to accept their culture and operate their way. The financial situations at Nissan forced the management to bring Ghosn so that he could make some difference. Supporters and critics built confidence in Ghosn in circumstances when Nissan had a lot of losses that led to more debts of about $22 billion. The situation led to consumers developing a weakened mind about the brand of Nissan (Millikin, & Fu, 2005). Also, the products’ portfolio consisted fully of older models than what the other competitors had. It was for Ghosn to understand the atmosphere and use it to bring change to the company. Ghosn instilled fear into people by declaring his wish to step down in case Nissan fails to meet the target. Happiness was felt after just eighteen months in charge, and it led to shock to both supporters critics when Nissan started to make profit. The people around Ghosn started to practice transparency since they believed what the leader says, and also think is right. The owners of Michelin felt threatened and denied any one especially Ghosn a chance to be the president of the firm on the ground that it was a family-run company. Therefore, Ghosn understood their denial emotion and decided to resign so that he can make a change somewhere else. Moreover, Renault had confidence in Ghosn and he used that trust to build his empire and became the Executive Vice President. The top and middle management personnel at Renault nicknamed Ghosn â€Å"Le Cost-Killer†. He was given that name because of his hard work in improving cost efficiency by focusing on increasing margin. The management appreciated Ghosn and gave him the role of Nissan COO when Nissan formed an alliance with Renault. The trust built in Ghosn was enough to turn things around faster the same way it was done

Brain Aneurysms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Brain Aneurysms - Essay Example Without proper treatment, patients with ruptured aneurysms have limited functional survival. It has been estimated that only 18 percent are functional survivors at 10 years and 8 percent are disabled, the rest die (Vinas and Wilner, 2008). Thus, it can be said that aneurysms of brain have potential to cause death, debility and deformity. The risk factors can be inherited or acquired (Vega et al, 2002). The disease can occur as familial clustering with no other hereditary disease in the family. The cause for this is not yet known. Research has shown that the incidence of brain aneurysms is about 8-9 percent in those with more than one relative suffering from either an aneurysm or subarachnoid hemorrhage (Vega et al, 2002). Also, there are reports that siblings of affected individuals have higher chances of developing subarachnoid hemorrhage due to aneurysms. Thus it can be said that aneurysm has generic and hereditary links. It has been proposed that certain hereditary connective tissue disorders are associated with the development of aneurysms because of weakening of the vascular walls (Vinas and Wilner, 2008). Some research has shown that 10- 15 percent of patients with autosomal dominant condition polycystic kidney disease develop intracranial aneurysms (Vega et al, 2002). However another connective tissue disorde r Marfans syndrome which was incriminated in the development of brain aneurysms is no longer found to be associated with aneurysms (Vega et al, 2002). Other conditions which have been reported to be associated with brain aneurysms are fibromuscular dysplasia, coarctation of aorta and pheochromocytoma. It has been thought that the elevated blood pressure in these conditions is the cause for the development of aneurysms. Other inherited risk factors which have been incriminated in the development of aneurysms include alpha-glucosidase deficiency, Noonans syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, Klineflters syndrome, alpha-1

Literary Genre Essay Example for Free

Literary Genre Essay What is Literature? Language Department IPGK Pendidikan Teknik Based on your experience learning literature, what is literature? What are the characteristics of literature? Do you need to learn literature? †¢? Traditionally, literature is â€Å"imaginative† writing. †¢? However, the distinction between â€Å"real† and â€Å"fake† or â€Å"fact† and â€Å"fiction† isn’t always a good distinction; many classical works were non-fiction. Literature is Subjective †¢? Since the 1980’s, the â€Å"literary canon† of works – a group of works â€Å"agreed upon† to be â€Å"the best† by well-known scholars and critics, has been disputed. Why do you think the â€Å"canon† was disputed? †¢? The â€Å"Canon† excluded most works that were not by white, European males. †¢? Works of literature by women, homosexuals, and works by individuals of varied races, classes and ethnicities were marginalised. How did this happen? †¢? There are many ways of â€Å"writing† – but those in power recognised only one, formal way of â€Å"writing†, and this was given the higher value. †¢? Thus, the literary â€Å"canon† is a construct; it was fashioned by particular people for particular reasons at a particular time. †¢? There is no literary work or tradition that has value in and of itself †¦ †¢? †¦. even Shakespeare! †¢? In his era, Shakespeare was regarded as a hack! †¢? Time and circumstance has offered the value to particular text; and this â€Å"value† is a transitive term – it will change as the people in power change and are altered, and according to the context of the reading of a particular text. 10 years ago †¦. †¢? BLOGS were stupid. †¢? NOW, Iraq War Veterans’ BLOGS are considered vital historic and â€Å"literary† documents! Revisioning the Canon: †¢? All â€Å"literary† works are unconsciously rewritten by the societies that read them. Context †¢? Readers interpret literary works in the  light of their own concerns. †¢? Readers interpret literary works in the light of a given circumstances. †¢? Readers interpret literary works in the light of a given time period. The Diary of Anne Frank: †¢? Literature? Or Not? I Have A Dream: †¢? Is this speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. Literature? Or Not? Literature and â€Å"value† †¢? Each of us is constructed by experiences and backgrounds and emotions and ideas and prejudices and knowledge and lack of knowledge †¦ †¢? How we each respond to a particular text is deeply entwined with our broader prejudices and belief systems. Basic Definition of Literature †¢? Latin – litterae (plural for letter) †¢? Literally means â€Å"acquaintance with letters† Why Do We Study Literature? †¢? To obtain a window of the world and other cultures. †¢? To understand ourselves (how? ). †¢? To gain insights into a character’s inner thoughts, con? icts, aspirations etc. †¢? To actively shape culture through the active and articulate constructions of sociocultural realities. So †¦ what is literature? †¢? What constitutes a â€Å"literary† text? †¢? What qualities will help me to determine the â€Å"literariness† of a text? †¢? Read â€Å"What is Literature† by Jim Meyer for our class discussion this Thursday.

Methods to Plan an Operation Strategy

Methods to Plan an Operation Strategy Strategy can be defined as a method focus on utilize the limited resources and energies of an organization to come out with a plan of action which can lead the organization to achieve its goals and also compete with other competitors. Therefore, for the operation strategy it can be classify as a method or plan implement within an organization operations function, to control and maintain all its operation aspect which eventually to support organizations overall strategies and achieve its goals (Stevenson, 2009). Fast food industries as the literally mention, it emphasize in fast which is the speed required to convenient the consumers to come again to consume its goods and services. According to this theory, the fast food restaurant will set up its operation strategies base on this main objective which is the time-based strategies to make sure that the consumers are satisfy with its services provided and then achieve its organization goals. In general, the operation strategies are cons ists of 10 decision areas but in this fast food industry there are 7 decision areas will be discuss. The first one would be the product and services design, to compete through operation strategy in this area the fast food restaurant need to create a way to aware people of its services and food provided which could through advertising. A proper advertising is a good way to spread the good image of the restaurant to the public, such as emphasizes the family spirit in the advertising of fast food. Beside, for the service design the fast food restaurant needs to build up a strong customer relationship as its strategy because in a service industry, customer satisfaction is vital for a business to success. For the second one would be the quality decision area, toward this area fast food restaurant will implement operation strategies such as increase the nutrition level, portion size and high quality of food. As we know that, the public impression towards fast food was bad, base on this point to compete through operation the fast food organization need to improve this area by implement the operation strategy of maintain the standard quality and safety of food ingredient to make sure the consumers are comfortable to having the food provided by the organization. Besides, provide the details and information about the nutrition of the meal of fast food restaurant provided to attract new consumers who are interested in healthy lifestyle (Frydman, 1985). Third one will be discuss the operation strategies decision area of location, strategy location is vital for a business to gain the crowds which are the chances of consumers to come and consume at there. Therefore, compete through the location strategy the fast food restaurant must open its outlet according difference location and specify area, such as business areas to get the working class consumer to dine-in have their breakfast or lunch, and also shopping areas to get difference classes of consumer to having their meals anytime when they are hungry. This operation strategy is good in term of provide convenient to the consumers which achieve the main purpose of all fast food restaurant. Next, for the layout design of operation strategies decision area would discuss about the exterior and interior design of fast food restaurant. In this strategy, fast food restaurant will create a standardize image strategy on all of its outlets in the world wide both exterior and interior but it m ight have some difference in size which according to the location. For the interior design it emphasize in create a comfortable environment to both the consumers and workers. This strategy provides brand recognition because of homogeneity exterior and interior design on its outlets which can place a strong brand image on the consumers mind. To compete through human resource this area of operation strategy, fast food restaurant will create strategy emphasize on right person on right job. Fast food organization will utilize the human resources to separate department to complete difference job and function. Beside, provide training opportunity to the workers which enhance job satisfaction to prevent overturn rate increase. This strategy will increase the efficiency of the fast food restaurant to complete their task which also achieve its objectives of the speed is fast and the service provided is good at the same time. Supply chain management of operation strategy decision area is important for fast food restaurant because this strategy determines what to purchase and to make become the goods which the restaurant want to provide to the customers. This strategy emphasize in the inventory system to maintain the raw materials are fresh and good. So that, just in time inventory system is fulfill the need of restaurant to make sure the quality of food is fresh. Beside, to maintain no perishable food of inventory level is also a good operation strategy to compete with other competitors, because without perishable food in the store which means that the organization is well in manage and utilize the resources, it could save a huge amount of the cost of raw materials eventually. For the flexibility, to compete through this point the fast food restaurant need to provide an operation strategy which emphasize in corresponding kitchen arrangement to support it operation function to increase the flexibility. Last, the maintenance process as an operation strategy is emphasize on the maintenance of product quality, layout design, its location and human resources. A proper maintenance process is needed to increase fast food restaurant good will and reputation continuously. Reference: Fast food restaurant business plan. Retrieved March 20, 2010. Retrieved from http://www.bplans.com/fast_food_restaurant_business_plan/strategy_and_implementation_summary_fc.cfm Frydman, K. (1985), Healthy fast-food chains banking on fitness craze. Nations Restaurant News, March 11, 1985. Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_v19/ai_3680221/ Louisville, kentucky. Fast foods yummy secret: Americas second-biggest fast-food group is as successful as it is little known. The economist print edition. August 25, 2005. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/business-finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=4316138 Paul W. Larson. The Myrddin group. LLC. 2004. Retrieved from http://www.myrddingroup.com/pdf/operations.pdf Stevenson, W.J. Operations Management, 10th Ed. America: McGraw Hill. 2009 Strategy. In Wikipedia. Retrived March 20, 2010. Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy

Financing Higher Education Literature Review

Financing Higher Education Literature Review REVIEW OF LITERATURE Dunn and Sullins (1982) conducted a study on cost-benefit analysis and its applicability in Higher Education. The main objective of the paper was to discuss whether cost-benefit analysis can be applied to higher education institutions. This paper examines the problems which arise while performing cost-benefit analysis for evaluating Higher Education. The problems include, selecting the productivity index to use with a cost-benefit analysis, determining the discount rate to be used in the analysis, identifying and measuring the costs of higher education, identifying and measuring the benefits of higher education, and defining the time horizon for investments.So cost-effectiveness analysis and cost benefit analysis can be differentiated and to further highlight why cost-effective analysis may be a more useful tool to evaluate higher education. The major finding of the study was that the use of cost-effectiveness analysis could eliminate certain problems associated with cost-benefit ana lysis. Still the problems of identifying and quantifying relevant cost and defining the social discount rate remains. Eicher (1998) studied the Costs and Financing of Higher Education in Europe. The major objective of the study was to analyse optimal financing. For this the study compared Modes of Financing Higher Education in OECD Countries 1993. Evolution of student numbers in Europe from 1955-1994 and public expenditure per student between 1975 and 1992. The major findings of the study were that the financing of higher education in Europe is going through a period of confusion and change. But based on observations and economic studies, the following views were strained: Student involvement in the funding of their educations is still lower than the optimal appears to explain in many European countries; Tuition fees are growing in different forms and procedures and this trend will remain. In relation to the evolution of fees, there is a need that in most nations the students aid systems be reconsidered and modified. A harmonisation of fees and student aid systems is highly necessary if one needs to continue to shape a unified Europe. Singh and Venkataramani (2012) studied Institutes of Higher Education as delivery channels. They discuss its effect on the financial welfare of the people and highlights the steps taken by numerous participants to deliver financial education with an objective of increasing the knowledge of consumers about financial services. Less than desired results have been acquired from these interventions. As it is a gigantic task to provide financial education in a country like India to a large section of the population, a necessity arises aimed at the dedicated contribution of every stakeholder and a sustainable strategy in place. The findings of the study are that it would be a sustainable and cost effective approach to engage institutions of higher education in the financial education drive. Gupta (2006) conducted a study on Positive Action in Higher Education in India and the US. The study makes an effort to comprehend the fine distinctions of a caste-based reservation policy that exists in higher education with respect to the controversies, court judgments, a consequent amendment to the constitution in India; and positive action policies, court verdicts, and substitutes to affirmative action in some universities in the US. The major objective of the study is to make apparent the commonness and differences among India and the US in relation to legal, political, socio-cultural, economic, and psychological viewpoints. Chakrabarti (2009) investigated Determining factors of Participation in Higher Education and the selection of Disciplines. The major emphasis of this paper was to study the part played by economic, social and demographic features in determining the possibility of the rural and urban youths in India participating in higher education. The study used data available with National Sample Survey (NSS), the major findings of the study were that youth from schedule caste (SC) and schedule tribe (ST) upbringing have significantly lower chances of going to a higher educational institution when compared with other social groups in rural region. A significant effect on the higher educational attendance is exerted by the educational profile of the households head. The increasing cost of higher education has a harmful impact when it comes to the participation in higher education. As compared to their male counterparts, female youths have a significantly greater likelihoods of attending a Higher Ed ucation institutions for Arts or Humanities course in urban India. However, it is found that for other streams like Science, Commerce, Medicine, Engineering and professional courses, gender bias against female is strong even after adjusting for social and economic background of the family. Sharmila and Dhas (2010) studied Progress of Females Education in India. The major objective of the study was to examine the trends in females education, the investments in education and infrastructural provisions in India. The findings of the study were that from the female literacy levels and its variation over time revealed a noteworthy progress in the performance of womens education. Another finding was that the gaps among rural and urban literacy rates for women re coming down. Rather than being a hindrance to women’s education poverty in rural India acts as a thrust factor for females’ education. Urbanization improved attainment of females’ education in India. It showed that the decrease in girls’ drop-out rates is essential for realizing women’s education. The study further calls for an increase in women centered educational infrastructure so that womens dropout rates can be studied and female literacy levels can be improved in India Rani (2014) studied Fairness in the circulation of government subsidies on education in India. The main objective of the paper was to estimate how uniformly the public expenditure is dispersed by levels of education throughout different states in India, by means of the benefit incidence analysis. The study found out that there exists a difference between the circulation of government subsidies at elementary levels of schooling and higher levels of education. At elementary levels the subsidies are pro-poor, but as they go to higher levels of education the benefit to them decreases. The study suggested a two-way approach of guaranteeing the quality of learning outcomes amid government financed schools and differential user fees at greater levels of education. Pilkington and Nair (2013) examined Global tendencies in higher education and an unanticipated convergence among France and India. The major objective of the study was to inspect an unanticipated convergence among the higher education systems of two diverse countries, to be specific France and India. The study addresses the matter of the commodification of higher education in order to ascertain if the later progression has been accepted, stimulated or opposed by governments. This is done after making a brief comparative survey. The study found that it is the GATS rules that regulate the global trade in higher education services partially determine the modern settings in which the higher education organizations function, through the improvement of new modes of transfer such as e-learning and distance education. The investigators then spread their focus to reduce the gap between France and India. They say that the convergence of academic, economic and institutional factors helps push t he new idea of an Indo-French knowledge-based triangle. Kaul (2006) conducted a study on Higher Education in India and about seizing the available opportunity. The paper analyses the current policy environment to assess its competence in ensuring that India remains ahead of the curve in the information segment which in recent year is growing exponentially. In the delivery of higher education and technical training the part of the private sector has been highlighted.The study found that in order to sustain the trend of increased technical manpower and the big boom in the BPO/KPO sector it is necessary that India continue to produce greatly skilled manpower at a speeded pace. The suggestions made in the paper is that India requires to have a active demand based strategy in the direction of private higher education comprising foreign institutions/universities eager to set up a campus in India or engaging into joint-ventures. Gupta (2005) studied Global Trends in Higher Education and the Indian Situation. This paper focused the political, economic, socio-cultural, ethical, philosophical, legal, and practical facets of the widespread subject of worldwide trends in private higher education, overall. The further focus is on the driving forces, reasons and consequences of the rise of private higher education in India throughout the last three decades. The paper further discusses the role of courts in private higher education in India. Mamoon (2005) explored planning a creative approach towards Safeguarding Economic Efficiency of Higher Education Improvements in Pakistan. The paper proposes that the government of Pakistan’s policy of current higher education is being followed at the cost of elementary education. This paper also points out that the bias in higher education is shared among countries that are developing, since the growth and processes of growth are much more receptive to higher education than elementary or secondary education. The major cause as to why disparities are growing into one of the fastest growing economies of the world, specifically India and China are the unequal education policies of these governments. Mishra (2003) examined self-financing of establishments of higher education in India. The paper discusses the possibility of self-financing institutions of higher education the higher education system which is mostly government supported and funded is in deep financial strain as the costs are increasing and the budgetary resources being limited with increasing needs. The paper suggests that it is necessary to devise means to self-finance the institutions of higher education. The study further found that as long as the government funds higher education the private costs will be low. If the government stops funding, then it will have an adverse effect on the demand for higher education. This paper recommends that there is a need to restructure India’s higher education system from academic to a more of professional and technical. Upadhyay (2008) conducted a study on the Economics of Higher Education in India, while keeping women as the prime focus of the study. The paper examines the part played by the economic aspects in the enrollment choice at the higher education level in India. The major finding of the study was that the degree of participation of female in the post reforms period is in a disadvantaged position.As a determining factor of economic progress, the women’s education has started to lose its importance. The determinant factors in women’s enrollment decision in the post reform period were considered to be the relatively low probability of getting jobs, the unfavorable prospect for lifetime earnings of different female degree holders at higher education levels. Sethi et al. (2011) examined Higher Education and Economic Development within a Globalist Era in India. The paper focuses on the in’s and out’s of higher education in India in the context of India’s education system and why India is still a developing country. They said that education which is the basic for any economies development is in a bad shape in India. So, there must be some changes. These changes primarily include the change in the education system. They further suggested certain changes, these changes primarily include changes in India’s education system. Joshi (2012) studied Sustainable Development of the Higher Education Sector in India. They say, given that higher education is important, economic progress of India in current years is driven by mainly the services sector especially by IT and ITES the sustainable improvement of higher education becomes crucial. The paper raises the question as to where India’s higher education stands today and further the challenges that are confronting this sector. It also studies the proposed reform measures in this sector. The study found that the demand and supply in higher education sector is seriously mismatched. It is therefore crucial to reform higher education system and enhance Indian talent pool so as to maximize the potential of IT and ITES on the one hand and to catalyze the countries growth which is driven by the services sector on the other hand. The extension of the higher education sector and enhancement in its quality can assist India in avoiding the unemployability of gradua tes on the one hand and the phenomenon of ‘missing teachers’ on the other. Further it can make higher education affordable. Basant and Sen (2014) looked into the Parental Education as a Criterion for Affirmative Action in Higher Education. Use of reservation policies as affirmative actions, to address the issues of inclusion has been in place in India for a long time. With inclusion of new social groups, the policies scope has increased, but the efficacy can be debated. The paper inspects if parental education is a suitable measure for positive action. The study used three rounds of National Sample Survey data. Empirical results suggest that parental education as a determinant of participation in higher education not only transcends the impact of caste, religious, and economic status, it is also very attractive for the ease of implementation. Agarwal (2006) examines funding needs in higher education in India. The paper relates the growth of higher education in India to the changing funding pattern. Further the paper suggests ways to ensure that higher education remains affordable and accessible to all. The author stresses the need for greater adaptability in the higher education system so that it continues to provide the needed skills and trained workforce to the economy as it integrates with the world economy. Policy measures required to promote, sustain, and enhance world-class research are also included. Considering the weaknesses in the prevailing regulatory and quality assurance environment, the paper provides a roadmap for reforms towards improved accountability of the system. Nair and Kumar (2005) talked about financing of higher education. The article also talks about the development of higher education in India. They discussed current educational system in the country and the concentration by the State on higher and technical education is looked at. The article further says that the financing of Higher Education in the country by the State, is a drain on its exchequer and that more methods have to be found out to move the financial obligations outside the State coffers. The experience of other countries is looked at briefly. For better money flow to this sector, it is very important, to look at providing adequate legislative protection to these self-financed universities, which attract funds from sponsors, financing agencies and corporates. The need for adaptability to the job market and the synchronization between job creation and higher education has been explained in detail. Various development models are hinted at with concentration on specific para meters. The article suggests that once the ground rules are clearly laid down, it may become possible to develop several models, which may be accepted by the financial agencies, for funding higher education in India. Patel (2009) examined Private higher education in India. He says Education is one of the dominant sectors of the Indian economy in terms of enrolment of children, employment of adults and investment of financial resources. While school education has a broad base, higher education suffers from a narrow base covering only about 7% of the relevant age group population. With the expansion of school education, the pressure on the higher education system to expand is expected to continue in India. In this context, two criteria of efficiency and mobilisation of resources are put forward in justification of privatization of higher education. When higher education is left to the market forces, it results in elitisation of a basic need; it puts higher education firmly out of reach of the millions of under-privileged of India who dream of going to the university one day.

A Man Called Horse Character Analysis :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dorothy Johnson in â€Å"A Man Called Horse† writes about a young man who was born and raised in Boston. He lives in a gracious home under his grandmothers and grandfather’s loving care. For some reason, he is discontent. He leaves home to try to find out the reason for his discontent. Upon leaving he undergoes a change in status and opinion of himself and others. He begins a wealthy young man arrogant and spoiled, becomes a captive of Crow Indians- docile and humble, and emerges a man equal to all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The young man begins the story wealthy and spoiled. Johnson in the opening paragraphs suggest that the protagonist is just a wealthy and spoiled young man. He is just in search for a new life, â€Å"...he still brooded about his status in the world, longing for his equals.† So he decided to travel out West in search for these equals. Even though his â€Å"...father had raged and his grandmother had cried...†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon leaving Boston, the young man’s status and attitude change drastically. He becomes a captive of Crow Indians who treat him badly. He becomes property of a â€Å"...scrawny, shrieking, eternally busy old woman with ragged graying hair..† He must gain her trust to earn more freedom around the camp and such. During this time he was â€Å"...finding out what loneliness could be.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He earns a future, and in his final stage of transformation becomes a man equal to all. This happens after he marries Pretty Calf and understands their customs and traditions. The captive was like a horse all summer, â€Å"...docile bearer of burdens, careful and patient..† Until he earned trust that is.

Rosa Parks: Life and Times :: American America History

Rosa Parks: Life and Times Thesis Statement- Rosa Parks, through protest and public support, has become the mother of the civil rights changing segregation laws forever. Life - Rosa Parks was born only a month before world war one started in Europe on February 4, 1913. Parks mother worked as a school teacher in Tuskegee, Alabama. James McCauley, Rosa's dad was a carpenter. They lived in Tuskegee and owned farmland of their own. After Sylvester was born, Rosa's little brother, her father left them and went off to live in another town. He had been cheated out of his farmland by a white man and couldn't support the family any longer. Rosa her mother and her brother then moved to live with her grandparents on a farm in Pinelevel, which lay between Tuskegee and Montgomery, Alabama. It was a small plot of land, but it kept them all fed. From this point on Rosa was mainly brought up by her Grandparents with the assistance of her mother. Rosa gave up school when she came close to graduating, around the same time Rosa got married. Raymond Parks married Rosa McCauley December 18, 1932. He was a barber from Wedowee County, Alabama. He had little formal educatio n but a thirst for knowledge. Her husband, Raymond Parks, encouraged her to finish her courses. In 1934 she received her diploma from Alabama State College. She was happy that she completed her education but had little hope of getting a better job. When Rosa had finished school she was lucky enough to get a job as a seamstress in a local sewing factory. Prior to the bus incident Rosa was still fighting. She had run-ins with bus drivers and was evicted from buses. Parks recalls the humiliation: "I didn't want to pay my fare and then go around the back door, because many times, even if you did that, you might not get on the bus at all. They'd probably shut the door, drive off, and leave you standing there." An event to remember....- While the fight by blacks for civil rights had been going on for years, it took one middle-aged black woman with tired feet and a strong will to really get the battle going. On the 1st of December 1955, seamstress Mrs. Rosa Parks, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for not standing and letting a white bus rider take her seat, she was found guilty of the crime of disorderly conduct with a fine of fourteen dollars. Rosa Parks: Life and Times :: American America History Rosa Parks: Life and Times Thesis Statement- Rosa Parks, through protest and public support, has become the mother of the civil rights changing segregation laws forever. Life - Rosa Parks was born only a month before world war one started in Europe on February 4, 1913. Parks mother worked as a school teacher in Tuskegee, Alabama. James McCauley, Rosa's dad was a carpenter. They lived in Tuskegee and owned farmland of their own. After Sylvester was born, Rosa's little brother, her father left them and went off to live in another town. He had been cheated out of his farmland by a white man and couldn't support the family any longer. Rosa her mother and her brother then moved to live with her grandparents on a farm in Pinelevel, which lay between Tuskegee and Montgomery, Alabama. It was a small plot of land, but it kept them all fed. From this point on Rosa was mainly brought up by her Grandparents with the assistance of her mother. Rosa gave up school when she came close to graduating, around the same time Rosa got married. Raymond Parks married Rosa McCauley December 18, 1932. He was a barber from Wedowee County, Alabama. He had little formal educatio n but a thirst for knowledge. Her husband, Raymond Parks, encouraged her to finish her courses. In 1934 she received her diploma from Alabama State College. She was happy that she completed her education but had little hope of getting a better job. When Rosa had finished school she was lucky enough to get a job as a seamstress in a local sewing factory. Prior to the bus incident Rosa was still fighting. She had run-ins with bus drivers and was evicted from buses. Parks recalls the humiliation: "I didn't want to pay my fare and then go around the back door, because many times, even if you did that, you might not get on the bus at all. They'd probably shut the door, drive off, and leave you standing there." An event to remember....- While the fight by blacks for civil rights had been going on for years, it took one middle-aged black woman with tired feet and a strong will to really get the battle going. On the 1st of December 1955, seamstress Mrs. Rosa Parks, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for not standing and letting a white bus rider take her seat, she was found guilty of the crime of disorderly conduct with a fine of fourteen dollars.

If Thought Corrupts Language, Language Can Also Corrupt Thought

I am going to conduct an experiment by comparing and contrasting the linguistic choices between two newspaper articles with different views on the same event but different representations of the event and other aspects strategically placed to determine whether words have the power to manipulate or persuade ones thoughts through the ideologies of their own. Article 1’s headline is more elaborated and uses much more animated lexical choices, which paint more of a picture in the readers mind.Article 2 is more simplified and straight to the point, summarising bluntly. A1 is in the present tense to give a more dramatic effect and add impact. A2’s lexical choice â€Å"evicted† is in a past tense as if to say, the decision has already been made. The rest of the sentence is in a future tense, emphasising the certainty of the eviction. A2 is in a passive voice drawing attention away from the doers. A1’s in an active voice, drawing focus to the positive actions. A1s lead focuses the subject on the confrontation using lexical choices to create an effect of epicenes, representing the travellers like freedom fighters.A2’s lead focuses on the matter in hand and the Councils demands. Both leads reflect the ideologies of the writers. Both articles were selective on the choice of quotes ensuring they reflected the ideologies of the articles. A1 mainly uses sources considered with good credentials because people usually listen to and respect points from authority figures and therefore are more likely to agree or be persuaded by them, also because ‘elite sources are considered newsworthy by the media. The articles use unidentified sources to disclaim ideological responsibilities.The specific sources they use really reflect their overall ideological message. Both use representatives i. e. †Council spokesman â€Å"and â€Å"a source† instead of specifying the actor, which indicates writers â€Å"doubts or contention over the f acts’† (Bell. A 1991) or it may not suit the articles representation. A1 uses a human interest figure to put the matter into perspective because the travellers views may still be rather bias and propagandarish. A1 avoids labelling council sources with professional titles to devalue their quote, in one case they use a marital title instead in-order to derogate their authority.A2 uses qualifier determiner + noun phrase (the Dale Farm) to label travellers to subtly disclaim allegations of prejudice, emphasising dispute with that specific community. Both use a first name basis source to indicate their support. A1 qualifying labels represent the authorities negatively to demean them. A2s qualifiers were quite neutral, maybe because the writer was more focused on justifying their actions rather than belittling the travellers. A1 mentions support of respected public figures i. e. celebs, Bishop and UN worker.A2 mentions political figures as support, readers respect ‘elit e’ views and might think ‘if they believe it’s right or wrong then it must be’. A1’s sequence of information is in an anachronical order, throwing the reader into the scene before elaborating and adding further cohesion. They lay down the ground work and build suspense before reaching the climax 1. Sets scene of confrontation to grab audience’s attention. 2. Celebration pictures. 3. Reasons for celebrating (injunction). 4. Pictures of traveller’s defence strategies. 5. Council’s response to injunction. 6.Issues – politics. 7. Opposing army pictures. 8. Preparations for war. 9. Supporter pictures. 10. Architecture eviction plans. 11. Finale – battle. A2s sequence is more structured in the sense of ‘opening’, ‘body’ and ‘conclusion’, sought of an open and shut case. 1. Verdict – outline decision. 2. Dispute. 3. Support. 4. Negotiations. 5. Threats. 6. Remorse. 7. Selectiv e traveller sources. 8. Resistance. 9. Plea. 10. Denied. What is mentioned and not mentioned is a clear indication of the writer’s intentions on the representation of the article. Each article is coming from n ideological view point with every linguistic choice made. A2 makes excessive use of modal verb â€Å"will†, to reinforce the Councils authority as in to say the travellers will comply and nobody is above the law, this gives inkling that the writer is more conservative. A1 uses a lot of modal verbs expressing probability, therefore devaluing the Council’s authority revealing a more liberal attitude. A2 is tactful when using pronouns, i. e. personal pronoun â€Å"we† is used frequently to give the readers a feeling of inclusivity, so that the Council can align themselves with the reader.Both discourses make use of the 3rd person pronouns i. e. â€Å"they†, â€Å"them† and â€Å"their† but A2 uses it in the context to distinguish b etween ‘us’ and ‘them’ further aligning themselves with the reader. A1 uses it to avoid repetition. Both articles use rhetorical questions, which forces the reader to agree with the question and provokes them to think about the question. i. e. â€Å"is there not equality under the law of this country? † and â€Å"what are we doing throwing these people into destitution? Do we want more poverty in the country? A1 uses antithesis i. e. â€Å"aren’t complicated†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. larmingly simple† and â€Å"Is there, or is there not†. A2 uses â€Å"human rights for minorities, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. majority have human rights too† this is used to make the argument stronger and by contrasting the two opposites it forces the reader to compare the two ideas and therefore puts emphasis on the intended idea adding impact. A1s extraposition â€Å"take a stand if we don’t this will just carry on with ot her traveller communities† adds weight to their point by enlarging the proportion of the statement and adding more conviction to their argument. Both use three part lists i. e. Police, council and bailiffs†, â€Å"orange, yellow and blue†, â€Å"their homes, their land, the money they’ve spent† etc. because people are comfortable with things that come in three and it gives the sentence rhythm making it more memorable.A1 uses plenty of metaphors ‘small platoon’, ‘opposing forces’ etc. This paints a more elaborate picture in the reader’s minds and stimulates their imagination. Also it adds colour to the text and can have powerful emotional connotations, therefore being a powerful persuasive tool. A2 uses very few metaphors but for the purpose of figurative speech i. e. go on the table† and â€Å"weight behind† this is to express a complex idea through the comparison of two ideas, which has the effect of sim plifying the idea intended to be expressed. A1 uses copious amounts of collocations dominantly in metaphoric models i. e. ‘stand-off’, hard-standing’ etc. to add a degree of epicenes. The lack of collocations used by A2 suggests that they want to de-dramatize the confrontation and keep the matter in perspective. A1 uses lots of epithets i. e. ‘long-awaited’, ‘last-stand’, ‘latest twist’ etc. this adds flavor to the lexemes provoking a degree of suspense.A2’s lack of epithets suggest that they want to present the information bluntly. Both use many presuppositions, for example the sketch saying â€Å"leave the site or the LibDem conference will be transmitted†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. the implicature is that the authorities cannot do anything except talk. or â€Å"the court will find in the Councils†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ , presuming that the court will agree with them or â€Å"we are doing the r ight thing because it is a breach in criminal law†, the presumption is that they know what is right but what may be legal in one country may be illegal in another, so doesn’t really determine what is right and what is wrong.An implicature of â€Å"if you are human beings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. imply that to have morals is to be human, which is a strong statement because it pries on the readers moral values. Presuppositions reveal the ideologies of the writer and manipulates or persuades the reader towards their perspective of the matter. A2 uses the sound bites â€Å"the time for talking in almost over† Sound bites capture the overall message of the writers intentions and are attention grabbers, making the statement much more memorable.Both Articles are in a declarative mood because they both have the primary purpose to inform and both choose different lexis to represent the articles differently. A1 uses a theatrical approach in their lexical choices, painting a more elaborate picture and dramatizes the discourse. They use lots of emotive language, with strong connotations i. e. â€Å"dangerous†, â€Å"joy† etc. This draws on the readers emotions and therefore persuades them to agree with their point of view. A2 uses less emotive language and uses more of a descripted approach, this is a registry tactic, choosing a more political register.As a broadsheet The Guardian in general is more aimed at professionals and may consider their readers as intelligent and therefore presume that they want a more descriptive and informative discourse. The discourse is formal and they use more complex lexis and Standard English to reflect their stereotypical audience of upper middle class readers. The Mail is a tabloid aimed generally at the working class and has a secondary purpose to entertain, thus why the language is more informal. They use imple and frequently colloquial and non-standard lexis because if you use the language of your reader s it strengthens your persuasion because they can identify with the linguistics and so the writer can manipulate the readers thoughts through language they’re familiar with. A1 makes good use of pre-modifiers i. e. last gasp, tense etc. to add suspense and climax. The lexis chosen by the papers have been specially chosen to have a certain amount of impact/effect on the reader in-order to manipulate the reader’s perspective to homogenize with their ideologies.The angle of facts from A2 represents the travellers as a burden to society, whereas A1 angle of facts represents the travellers as fighting for their human rights Both use the euphemism ‘travellers’ A1 uses â€Å"ethnic minority† and A2 â€Å"minority†, â€Å"physical support† and â€Å"physical solidarity† this is so that they are politically correct in some cases and to not cause offence to the reader and to turn a negative into a positive to a degree. ‘note the rep etition to emphasize â€Å"physical†. A1 and A2 dominantly use passive sentences in their discourses but for different effects.A1 plays on the passiveness of the process transitivity in order to victimize the travellers and draw attention to the ‘doers’ bad actions. A2s passive sentences draw attention away from the ‘doers’. A1 uses nominalisation i. e. â€Å"joy†, â€Å"happy†, â€Å"dangerous process† etc. This is to emphasize their good properties/actions(A. mooney 2011 p70)† and maintain the positive aspects by disregarding the doer. The writers use over-wording, this is to reinforce the overall massage of that representation. A1 uses the equivalence of â€Å"homeless†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦into destitution? †¦.. more poverty? † And A2 uses â€Å"racist, as it is now politically correct†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ethnic minority. † This adds lexical cohesion and emphasizes the statements points adding im pact. A2 uses contrastive pair â€Å"if they can’t live in a scrapyard, where can they live? † By contrasting these two pairs they put emphasis on the pair which has priority for the function of the statement, adding extra impact. A1 makes intentional use of alliteration i. e. Battle of Basildon, Death of Danger etc. Alliteration makes the phrase catchy and memorable adding impact.A1s copious amounts of pictures entices the readers almost placing them at the scene. The pictures have been strategically selected to represent the travellers in a positive light. They use symbolism in some pictures using arms aloft gesture which is associated with revolutionists and somewhat represents them as freedom fighters. The pictures were predominantly women and also use gender labels i. e. female, woman, maybe this was because women are perceived as less threatening than men therefore less aggressive, which will have more of a positive representation.Both articles use the superlativ e ‘largest’ but for slightly different effect. A1 uses it to increase the scale of the scene, which escalates the picture. But A2 adds the post-modifier Irish to draw attention to the members and size of the community which people might negatively stereotype as gypsies. This experiment reinforces the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativism being that â€Å"language has a bearing on the way we think† It also adds collateral to the theory of ‘newspeak’ in that by â€Å"controlling language you can also control thought†(A.Mooney 2011 p32, p41). So to conclude I agree with Orwell (1998) that language can corrupt thought because as we’ve discovered using particular linguistic choices can have a particular persuasive effect on the readers and therefore can be used to manipulate or change ones perspective towards the writers ideological view but at the same time everybody is an individual with their own ideologies and perspectives, so yes language ‘can’ corrupt thought but may not necessarily do so.BIBLOGRAPHY * Mooney. A 2011 Language, Society and Power: introduction, Routledge: London * Bell. A 1991 The Language of New Media, Blackwell: Oxford * Fowler. R 1991 Language in the News: discourse and ideology in the press, Routledge: London