High levels of corruption limit investment and growth and lead to Essay - 1

High levels of corruption limit investment and growth and lead to ineffective government. Discuss with reference to concrete examples - Essay Example iciency is being advocated at all levels ÃŽ ¿f .the world outlook has now transitioned from the sustenance ÃŽ ¿f regulated economies to a liberalization ÃŽ ¿f the world economy. It is in this regard that corruption, a relatively new phenomenon is gaining widespread importance in economic circles. What distinguishes corruption from other indictors is essentially the fact that it is non-quantifiable concept. While measures ÃŽ ¿f growth, education and access to health facilities are easily available, it is extremely difficult to actually assess the level ÃŽ ¿f underhand dealings in an economy. The lack ÃŽ ¿f concrete information makes any corruption measure largely susceptible to biases and subjectivity. To augment is, depending on the definition ÃŽ ¿f corruption for any single economy. Our project is aimed at waiving the problems encountered in comprehending the exact nature ÃŽ ¿f the relationship between corruption and economic development. To this effect .we have attempted to do the following: * Present a theoretical framework in which to view the effect ÃŽ ¿f corruption on growth; we have presented annotated summaries for acceptable theories about corruption. At the same time we have ventured to formulate our own hypotheses about the corruption-development relationship. * Test the theoretical base for empirical validity; By conducting a cross-sectional study we attempted to discern the practical significance ÃŽ ¿f corruption. For the purpose ÃŽ ¿f the best we formulated our own model ÃŽ ¿f economic development, using both theory and relevant econometric tools. In the wake ÃŽ ¿f this we have rejected and accepted several theories. Our study has also acquainted us with economic relationships which digress from our main analysis but which are nevertheless educating. We were able to discern a highly interesting relationship whereby corruption was found to be more relevant to economic development than to economic growth, leading to the conclusion that perhaps the level ÃŽ ¿f rent -seeking in

Smartphone Essay Importance of Smart Phones

Smartphone Essay Importance of Smart Phones In this report there is a fine introduction of Smart Phones and their importance in our lives that how it is influences our daily routine work and also this report contains the role of E-Commerce and Web 2.0 in the trade of amazon.com and eBay.com. Firstly there is overview of Smart Phones is given then how it is influences our daily routine and then there are some descriptions of softwares which are being used in Smart Phones and also some of Smart Phones manufacturers names. Secondly in this report there is discussion how in next few years smart phones will take over all the digital devices and will be only one digital device we may own. Thirdly it has shown that what is E-Commerce and Web 2.0 technologies and how Amazon and EBay websites are using these technologies to expand their businesses all over the world. In the last conclusion is given followed by the references. Introduction Smart phone is a mobile phone which offers advanced technologies with functionality similar as a personal computer. While offering a standardized platform for application developers a smart phone performs as complete operating system software. Secondly, there are also very advanced features in smart phones such as internet, instant messenger and e-mail and also built-in keyboard are very typical. Because of these reasons we can say a smart phone a miniature computer with the similarities of a simple phone. With the growing speed of technological advancement, Smart phones have become the essential components of our daily performance. As we look for convenience, we also respect the devices, which can combine multiple features and which give us more mobility and entertainment. As the whole world is going into the new phase of technological performance, our needs become more sophisticated. On the one hand, we need speed, quality, and effectiveness on the other hand, these features should be combined in a solution small enough to carry it in the pocket. Smart phones have come to exemplify one of the wisest and the most convenient technological ideas in the history of mankind. The unique combination of features makes Smart phones extremely usable and useful for different purposes. In business or in pleasure Smart phones expand our capabilities and help us resolve our problems in timely manner. This is because of the growing speed of all decision-making processes in business and life that technological companies have come to the need for developing a new unique technological device. Usually, a Smartphone combines the functions of a cellular phone and a handheld computer in a single device. It differs from a normal phone in that it has an operating system and local storage, so udders can add and store information, send and receive email, and install programs to the phone as they could with a PDA Yuan. A Smartphone may also be referred to as a cellular Overview of Smart Phones These smart phones today can do almost everything. Faster networking systems, attractive and powerful applications and the technology literate users are making these smart phones very powerful these days. Huge markets are adopting the smart phones due to their flexibility, more productive features and better connectivity to the world in terms of internet. Along with many benefits, smart phones are increasing the value of the wireless technology, including the mobile phones, wireless tablets and the notebook computers. Some smart phones have the keypad similar to a notebook PC, this type of keypad is known as QWERTY keypad. The QWERTY keypad smart phones are easy to use and recommended when the user has to always type a lot. The other type of keypad is the on screen keypad, which is actually a touch screen keypad; this kind of keypad also comes in the form of buttons, which are not in the touch screen but below the screen of the smart phones. The touch screen smart phones are no doubt very advanced but they are a bit difficult to use when compared to a QWERTY or embossed keys keypad (Jackson 2010; Alejandro, X). Smartphone Operating Systems There are many operating systems which are being used by companies to introduce their smart phones but most important system is Symbian which is really popular these days and every other smart phone has this software. Some software are listed below: Symbian Linux Java Unique Operating System Apple OS Smart Phone Manufacturers In this new era of technology, there are a lot of companies who are manufacturing not only mobile or cell phones but even they are trying to put their all expertise in manufacturing smart phones. Every company has different technologies from each other and trying to be number one in Telecommunication Field. Some of the main smart phone manufacturing companies are Apple Nokia Samsung Siemens HTC Vodafone Black Berry Motorola Some examples of Smart Phones are I phone Blackberry X-peria Nokia N8 Samsung B3410 HTC Will Smart Phones become the single most important digital device we own? Technology is getting really advanced today and it is becoming an essential part of life. There has been also a great and very vast era of the evolution of mobile phones from simple and bigger mobile phones, which were able to send and receive calls and send and receive the text messages only. The smart phones are more likely to be the hand held computers for configuring the daily schedules, saving large documents, for watching videos, listening music, using internet, using world wide web, video conferencing and much more than a human mind can think. Smart phones are getting really popular in this advanced world. Everyone wants to carry his own personal data and information with him all the time which smart phone makes possible. It is being accepted that in the future smart phones will take over all the other digital devices in next years such as laptops, personal desktop computers and notebooks. Today smart phones carry all the features of digital devices as well as a common phone features. Smart phones include the projector video sharing, music player, high megapixel cameras and better navigators. Implications Justifications Today smart phones are the devices which provide all the facilities what a user need in his daily life, such as e-mail, notebook, Bluetooth, gaming panel, high resolution camera applications, Microsoft office suite, television and many other computerized applications that a human being can just think of. There is also a lot of perceptions about that smart phones will take over the other digital computerized devices like laptops, personal computers and notebooks. The technology used in smart phones is getting really advance day by day. Technicians are committing their time to explore new technologies and putting them into one simple device called smart phone for the beneficial future of human being. Smart phone are the best digital devices of present which provides what a human need. Everyone try to have a smart phone instead of having a simple phone because by a simple mobile he can only do call or text to other numbers but having a smart phone is beneficial by this we can do our office work on MS Office, can check our mails any time anywhere and there are a lot of more things that we can do with smart phones. There is no doubt that in future Smart Phone will become the single most important digital device we own. Future Due to the popularity of smart phones technology, it is being expected that smart phone sales will continue to grow in next years and some of the improvements vendors are making to help convince consumers to pick up a new device include dual-core processors and better video capabilities. E-Commerce Web 2.0 Technologies E-Commerce Selling through the websites is the best method of increasing trade worldwide.The business done electronically is called E-Commerce and it includes many different activities both in business-to-business market and in the business to consumer market. It includes trading of goods and services electronically, online delivery, transfers of funds electronically. It includes both products and services. Commercial transaction of goods and services is e-commerce; good services are exchanged electronically not physically between parties. It has a very big range of communication technologies i.e. e-mail, internet. After consideration the importance of internet people prefer to shop online because it makes shopping easy and saving of time. Web 2.0 The web 2.0 is known as the next generation or second generation of the internet web. The web 2.0 allows users to use internet in more enhanced way such as publishing of videos or audio on the internet, sharing of files and photos. This term was used in 2004 for the first time; it is also a collaboration of different processes of business and the technology to provide more flexibility to the marketing. It is of much related to the social networking such as facebook.com, twitter.com, linkedin.com and many others; while it also refers to the video and audio sharing on internet such as youtube.com, mp3.com, 4shared.com and many others. It is a vast term which is many steps ahead when the internet was launched and after many years or launching of internet there was only web 1.0 (OReilly 2005; google.co.uk 2010). Role of E-Commerce Web 2.0 Technologies in EBays Amazons Popularity Amazon and eBay are those companies which are pure e-commerce companies which are using web 2.0 technologies that allow users to shop online without any physical relationship. These websites are security protected and facilitate their customers with every possible way. By using these technologies we can buy anything online by sitting in comfort of our home anytime in 24 hours with complete security and satisfaction. Amazon is one of the best website where we can buy about anything which is necessary in our routine life and they also provide free home delivery of whatever you buy online. This enhancement in technology allows consumers or businesses to use the web more efficiently and with flexibility even if the consumers do not have any experience (Chaffey 2008; Chinahourly.com 2010; keynote.com; Marketingexperiments.com 2005; Phillips 2006). These website provide low cost products to their customers who can buy that products with only 1 click in safe and pure atmosphere and customers can also compare the items with one to other products so they can decide easily that which product suits their nature. E-Commerce has made it very easy to shop online for these types of websites. These websites allow shoppers to shop online and provide complete satisfaction. Life is so busy today and mostly people has no time to spend on shopping and amazon.com and e-Bay.com made it easy to shop online without any physical interferences. These websites are becoming very popular and feasible for the shopping purposes. The e-commerce is increasing the revenue of amazon.com and eBay each year, because of the awareness among the consumers and the more enhanced and easy to use web 2.0 portals, which makes it attractive for consumers to purchase through e-commerce (Andam 2003; Chinahourly.com 2010; keynote.com; Marketingexperiments.com 2005; Phillips 2006). Conclusion Today life is so busy and everyone is trying to complete his own needs. No-one has such time to look around him and think for a while to what he/she wants. The economies are becoming stable and unstable sometimes. To overcome the needs of consumers of bigger digital devices, smart phones are solving the issues. We can use smart phones for a lot of purposes of routine life and because of this we dont have to carry heavy weight laptops and digital dairies, we can save anything in our smart phone so we can get benefits of this anywhere any time. This advancement of technology shows that smart phones will take over the other digital devices easily. Similarly, with the passage of time everyone is getting more busy in their routine life and no one has such time to visit physical markets for shopping. So this online shopping made life so easier to explore new adventures and find out what we need. E-commerce and web 2.0 has made it easier for the people to use the web with flexibility even if they do not have much experience to use the internet. These enhancements and technological changes are making peoples life easier.

The Seduction Eileen McAuley To His Coy Mistress Andrew Marvell Eileen

The Seduction Eileen McAuley To His Coy Mistress Andrew Marvell Eileen McAuley’s The Seduction is set against the bleak surroundings of Merseyside. ‘The Seduction’ Eileen McAuley ‘To His Coy Mistress’ Andrew Marvell Eileen McAuley’s ‘The Seduction’ is set against the bleak surroundings of Merseyside. The purpose of the story is to show a teenage girl’s predicament after getting drunk at a party. The poet contrasts the girl’s ideas of love and sex with reality. This is done effectively by using techniques such as similes and alliteration. The poem shows how young teenage girls can be easily seduced under the influence of alcohol. ‘The Seduction’ also shows how young girls can be manipulated by the media. McAuley presents the setting for the seduction of the girl as harsh through use of language and imagery. The setting is described using phrases such as ‘far from the blind windows of the tower blocks’. The words ‘tower blocks’ gives the setting a threatening atmosphere. Also the words ‘blind windows’ adds mystery to the setting. This is because the two words are contrasting. The word ‘blind’ is usually associated with visionless. While ‘windows’ are usually see-through. ‘The Seduction’ is set in the ‘quiet bricks of Birkenhead’ suggesting that place that he takes her to is remote. ‘Far past the silver stream of traffic through the city’ this is implies that they were distant from the busy city leaving them isolated this makes the girl vulnerable. A lot of the language used in 'The Seduction' is symbolic. ‘So she followed him there all high white shoes’ is an example of symbolic poetry. The shoes are described as white to present a symbol of purity, which is a major theme in the poem. Towards the... ... Mistress’ is to show the effects of a seduction. ‘The Seduction’ focuses on a teenage seduction whereas ‘To His Coy Mistress’ focuses on a more matured seduction. McAuley’s poem ‘The Seduction’ is critical of teenage magazines. McAuley shows a disliking attitude towards the contents of teenage magazines. This may be because she is against the way love and romance is presented these types of magazines. McAuley is also critical of society’s attitude towards teenage pregnancy. She explores how things like anorexia and drugs amongst teenagers are accepted by society and how teenage pregnancy is not. McAuley also criticizes prejudice and stereotyping in the society. I enjoyed reading both ‘The Seduction’ and ‘To His Coy Mistress’. I preferred Eileen McAuley’s ‘The Seduction because it has a more meaningful message, also because it is directed at my age group.

Being American

In America, anyone can grow to be successful and all it takes is hard work. A lot of instances in the country have proven that the playing field is level. There is no reason that any person can be hindered by his or her background from achieving success in America. It is possible to find any individual in any position, even the most unlikely. In some countries around the world, there are positions that are left for the privileged in the society; schools for the rich and those for the poor, occasions for the rich and those for the poor, and opportunities for the rich and those for the poor.Watching the documentary, Spellbound reveals an entirely different scenario in America. The documentary is on eight teenagers who walk their way to the finals in the Scripps Howard national spelling bee championship in Washington D. C. , from regional level. With hard work and commitment, success is possible in America and nothing can hinder this from taking place. The freedoms and opportunities in America means that once a person has a dream, is committed and willing to sacrifice in order to achieve it, there is nothing that can stop him or her from achieving it.There are hindrances and failures, but the fate of every American is in an individual’s willingness to dream and put efforts in achieving the dreams. Every dream in the country is offered an opportunity to be nurtured to achievement. The truth of this statement is evident where we meet unlikely heroes, who against all odds, achieve beyond imagination. From interview with their parents and teachers, it is realized that the students are hard working. They practice on a daily basis and have to start by winning in regional competitions before proceeding. Success however does not come in a silver platter.There are challenges and pressures that are faced by those who dare to dream and work hard in achieving their dreams. However, these challenges cannot hinder those who are determined to succeed from gaining success. The students in the documentary begin competing in a large group of over 250 students from different backgrounds and socio-economic status. They face tremendous pressures and challenges as the words they are meant to spell gets more difficult. Against all these challenges and pressures, eight of the students from different backgrounds get to the finals.Unexpectedly, out of the eight, two have single parents and three are children born of immigrants. This might seem a peculiar situation since in most cases; children who would be expected to win in such a tough competition are children from privileged families who are able to access private school education and other privileges like computers and television. The students who compete in the finals are talented and work hard to win the prize. As I watch the finals, I realize that any of the students is likely to win the prize.One of the parents, an immigrant dad, comments that in America, hard work brings success. This means that one d oes not have to be financially or socially privileged to become successful in the country. This is one country where one can grow to be a President, a Congressman or a Senator. There is an equal opportunity for all and all it requires is hard work. Every person in the country is entitled to become what he or she wishes and is provided with a level playing ground to compete with others eying the same opportunity. Work cited: Blitz, Jeffrey. Spellbound. Blitz/Welch, 2003.

Home Depot Case Study Analysis Essay

According to the case study, Home Depot Incorporated: The Specialty Retailer of Building Materials, Home Depot, Inc has been incorporated since 1978. The company functions in the home improvement retail industry, which includes multiple markets as do-it-yourself, professional, and renovation home improvement. At the end of 2000, the company had 1,190 brick and mortar retail stores, mainly located in the United States, but slightly less than 100 retail outlets were distributed between Canada and South America. The retail sales of Home Depot are various, and include building materials, home improvement and renovation, lawn and garden, as well as household appliances, supplies, and tools. Other retail sales at Home Depot include cabinetry, tiles and flooring, lighting fixtures. In services, Home Depot offers installation, design assistance, and even instruction/installation assistance. The case study, Home Depot Incorporated: The Specialty Retailer of Building Materials, further shows how Home Depot segments its products into Fix It, Build It, Grow it, Decorate It, and Install it. These segments are based on the three consumer markets, the do it yourself, buy it yourself, and professional customers. This allows Home Depot to seek competitive advantage in specialized retail outlets by defining the characteristics of consumers by their purchase type and buyer characteristics. Home Depot Incorporated: The Specialty Retailer of Building Materials shows that Home Depot’s long-term debt reached $1. 55 US billion in 2002, and total liabilities were at $6. 37 US billion. Home Depot had $177 US million in cash and short term investments as of January, 2001. Their inventory value was at $6. 56 US billion, and the cost of goods sold was $31. 46 US billion, leaving Home Depot with inventory turnover every 76 days. This means that Home Depot incurred more inventory costs in warehousing and distribution, than retail sales supported. Issues in Strategic Management The case study, Home Depot Incorporated: The Specialty Retailer of Building Materials explains that Home Depot’s management issues have several dimensions. First, the increase in retail stores and implementation of specialty stores in response to customer segmentation led to the speculation that Home Depot was having an ‘identity crisis. ’ The diffusion of the core home improvement domain was extreme and initially occurred over a short time line, thus operating expenses climbed. This was combined with a slowing of the do it yourself industry and markets, as well as competition from Lowe’s. In response to this, the CEO at the time, Robert Nardelli, shifted away from the exponential growth strategy and towards reducing warehousing of low-purchase items and boosting in-store item differentiation and sales. Nardelli’s strategy chain was, according to the case study, envisioned as gaining ground in installation and services growth before the competition cornered these markets. The company’s focus then changed from one of brick and mortar growth to one of service industry growth. Thus, Nardelli moved from the traditions of the home improvement industry and towards innovation. In growth strategy, the senior vice president of Home Depot’s management team felt that increasing operational efficiency and maintaining the strength of brick and mortar growth was more important than implementing new service dimensions. The basis of this argument was that traditional growth strategy had a huge success rate since the company’s inception, and multiple trade areas in the Northwest and Southwest United States were largely ignored by major competitors, specifically Lowe’s. The case study, Home Depot Incorporated: The Specialty Retailer of Building Materials, examines that the second management strategy was also in contention, where the executive vice president believed that instead of focusing on the service strategy, or the retail market strategy, Home Depot should maintain its segmentation of consumers into specialty stores, which would allow Home Depot to gain competitive corners of the market that it had not yet explored. In this strategy, Home Depot would be able to market towards the appeal of specialized services. In closing the management strategy analysis, the case study emphasizes the decision of Nardelli as being difficult, as both strategies presented held risk and benefits. Nardelli’s decision making process, therefore, had to be one that focused on the growth initiative of Home Depot, as overcoming competitors, establishing the domains, and segmenting (or not segmenting) the retail outlets. Based on this, the pertinent issues facing management processes at Home Depot are directly related to the growth initiative, growth strategy, and implementation of the growth strategy. Analysis and Evaluation of Issues The concern of Home Depot is to develop a management strategy that enhances growth. There are two main conclusions, as presented in the above case study. First, Home Depot can rely on its traditional method of retail brick and mortar store development with a focus on the under-marketed North-western and South-western United States. Secondly, Home Depot can focus on the development of specialty stores which are geared towards the segmented consumer markets. Key Concepts Lippert, Schwieger, and Schweiger (p 13 2005) examine that options to help a company achieve strategic growth are highly relative to the ability of the company to take action and rely on financial viability. Thus, a strategic growth initiative has the objective to be consistent with corporate growth and profit objectives through the development of key individuals in the organization (Lippert, Schwieger and Schweiger 3005). The focus of the growth strategy should be in the ability of Home Depot to maximize efforts with respect to investment opportunities, gather valuable and real-time data on existing market opportunities and strive for industry-changing innovations on an ongoing basis (Lippert, Schwieger and Schweiger 2005). The concern of either strategy presented to Home Depot is relative to that of all corporate entities. The basic concern is to maximize growth while reducing the risk of the strategy (O’Leary p 37 2005). The underlying strategy of corporate growth initiatives is largely based on innovation, and the engine for innovation is the creation of an efficient connection between technologists, funding, and scale is its abilities (O’Leary p 37 2005). The growth strategies should therefore include diversity in innovation, rather than relying on the older ideals. Based on these key concepts, Home Depot’s optional growth strategies will be evaluated through a SWOT analysis, with a focus on the financial viability and strategic innovation presented. Strengths Home Depot has a strong market position as one of the largest home improvement retail stores in the United States. The sales volume allows Home Depot to maintain strength in domestic and foreign markets. The strong market position inidicates that the traditional growth initiatives have facilitated consumer support. Furthermore, Home Depot has a diversified and balanced brand mixture. The company stocks major branded appliances and a wide range of its own store-branded products. While there has been some worry regarding financial viability, Home Depot has remained the top domestic retailer in the home improvement market, and has a wide range of resources it can use for supporting corporate growth and new market entry. Weaknesses The weaknesses in Home Depot can be identified as a lack of customer service and support, the store has little initiative towards customer service that is easily visible to customers other than the retail store ‘customer service’ line. This shows that Home Depot has lagged behind its competition in providing high customer service quality, and raises a concern for the ability of Home Depot to maintain specialty service stores. The other identifiable weakness of Home Depot is the multiple brick and mortar extensions, which created a diffusion from the central home improvement retail business, and is exemplified by the management decision to ‘cut back’ on building new retail outlets. For the retail store, this creates a loss of square footage, which is vital to maintaining supplier relationships and meeting consumer demands. Opportunities Home Depot’s opportunities lie in the acquisition of new businesses. The company has the financial stability to acquire multiple businesses to further its growth strategy. This could include the service industries and specialized markets. As an opportunity, acquisitions have the ability to save costs over implementing ‘new’ growth strategies. Threats Home Depot’s business is highly competitive. Home Depot must compete against multiple market segments: other home improvement stores, electricity and construction stores, plumbing and lighting stores; cabinet-makers and lumber yards. In the retail segments such as paint, appliances, and tools, Home Depot also competes with discount stores, local, regional and national hardware stores, mail order firms, warehouse clubs and independent building supply stores.

How to Use the Modifier Most in English

How to Use the Modifier Most in English The modifier most is commonly used in English in a wide variety of situations. You are probably familiar with the use of most in the superlative form, but there are other uses as well. Below you will find explanations of each of the different ways most is used to modify nouns, as well as in the superlative form and as an adverb. (The) Most is different than more which you can learn about on this page dedicated to the uses of more in English. (The) Most Superlative Form The most is used in the superlative form with adjectives of two or more syllables. The opposite of this form is the least (i.e. I enjoy corn the least of all the vegetables.) Examples: California is the most important state for the US economy.I think she is the most intelligent person I have ever met. One of the Most in the Superlative Form Its also common to use one of before the most in superlative forms to refer to something that is among a group of the most of a quality. The opposite of this form is one of the least (i.e. That is one of the least interesting films this year.) Examples: Peter is one of the most reliable people on this planet.Golden Retrievers are one of the most likable dog breeds. Most Noun Determiner Most is used before a noun as a determiner to speak in general. Remember that the plural form is used when speaking in general about countable items or people (Most people enjoy a vacation in the tropics). When speaking about uncountable objects, use the singular form (Most steel is used in construction). Examples: Most students would like to take a year off ​from studies to travel.Sharon said most food sold in supermarkets contains preservatives. Most of Determiner Noun Use most of the / a / this, etc. noun when referring more specific objects. Remember that the is used to indicate a specific object that both the listener and the speaker understand, whereas a is used to speak about something listeners do not which specific instance is referred to. This, these, that or those can be used as well as possessive adjectives such as my, your, his, etc. Examples: Most of my time is spent in a classroom teaching English.Sharon said that most of these trees were planted in 1878 by the organization. Most Alone Most can be used alone when the noun being modified is understood through context. For example, during a conversation, you may refer to a particular group of people and use most to indicate most of the people we are discussing. Examples: I think most believe the economy will continue to slowly improve.(Speaking to a friend about food items) I bought most at the supermarket downtown. (The) Most as Adverb (The) Most can also be used as an adverb to describe a that someone does or feels something the most compared to others. Examples: I like raspberry jam the most.She was hurt by John the most. Most Verb in Formal English Most can be used to mean very in formal English. This form is not common in everyday conversations, but you may certainly hear it in films such as historical fiction, stories about kings and queens, etc. Examples: I find it most disturbing that you continue to telephone.She felt the afternoon outing was most enjoyable.

How to Conjugate Suggérer (to Suggest) in French

How to Conjugate Suggà ©rer (to Suggest) in French The French verb  suggà ©rer  looks very similar to its English meaning, to suggest. While that makes it easier to remember, youll still need to conjugate it to say things such as we suggested and I am suggesting. Dont worry, a quick lesson will help you memorize the essential forms of  suggà ©rer  you need. The Basic Conjugations of  Suggà ©rer Suggà ©rer is a stem-changing verb and that does complicate this conjugation a bit. In the indicative mood, which includes the basic present, future, and imperfect past tenses, youll notice that the accented à © changes in some forms to à ¨. Also, in the future tense, you have the option of either accent. Using the chart, you can study these conjugations by finding the subject pronoun and the corresponding tense required for your sentence. As an example,  je suggà ©re  means I am suggesting while  nous suggà ©rions  means we suggested.   Present Future Imperfect je suggre suggreraisuggrerai suggrais tu suggres suggrerassuggreras suggrais il suggre suggrerasuggrera suggrait nous suggrons suggreronssuggrerons suggrions vous suggrez suggrerezsuggrerez suggriez ils suggrent suggrerontsuggreront suggraient The Present Participle of  Suggà ©rer When you add -ant  to the radical of  suggà ©rer, you form the  present participle  suggà ©rant. This can be used as a verb, of course, though it also has the potential to become a noun or adjective in some circumstances. Suggà ©rer  in the Compound Past Tense Passà © composà ©Ã‚  is the French compound past tense. It combines the  past participle  suggà ©rà ©Ã‚  with the auxiliary verb  avoir.   Begin by conjugating  avoir  into the present tense to match the subject, then add the past participle. For example, I suggested is  jai suggà ©rà ©Ã‚  and we suggested is  nous avons suggà ©rà ©. More Simple Conjugations of  Suggà ©rer When you need to question whether the act of suggesting will happen, you can use  the subjunctive. If the action is dependent on certain conditions,  the conditional  may be used. The literary tenses of  the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  are typically reserved for written French, though they are good to know as well. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je suggre suggreraissuggrerais suggrai suggrasse tu suggres suggreraissuggrerais suggras suggrasses il suggre suggreraitsuggrerait suggra suggrt nous suggrions suggrerionssuggrerions suggrmes suggrassions vous suggriez suggreriezsuggreriez suggrtes suggrassiez ils suggrent suggreraientsuggreraient suggrrent suggrassent There may also be times when youll want to use  suggà ©rer  in  the French imperative.  When you do, its acceptable to skip the subject pronoun and simply say  suggà ©rons. Imperative (tu) suggre (nous) suggrons (vous) suggrez

Be A Lean Author, with Patrick Vlaskovits

Be A Lean Author, with Patrick Vlaskovits "Be A Lean Author", with Patrick Vlaskovits Today we interview bestselling author and entrepreneur Patrick Vlaskovits, whose constant search for better ways of working has turned him into a formidable thought-leader in technology and business. His writing has been featured in the Harvard Business Review, the Wall Street Journal, and The Browser and he speaks at technology conferences nationally and internationally.We asked Patrick about how he applied his thinking to his into self-publishing with his two books The Entrepreneur’s Guide to Customer Development and The Lean Entrepreneur. In his no-nonsense style, he reveals his approach and why a â€Å"Build It and They Will Come† mentality is bad for business as well as books.Hi Patrick, great to have you here! As well as being a serial entrepreneur and startup mentor, you’re also the author of The Entrepreneur’s Guide to Customer Development and The Lean Entrepreneur. What prompted you to write these books?With The Entrepreneur’s Guide to Cust omer Development, back in 2009, I had just come off wasting a lot of time and a lot of my own money building a web startup that failed. Someone mentioned The 4 Steps to the Epiphany to me and I started reading it.At the time, Steve Blank’s work was highly unorthodox – he was the only (?) person saying that â€Å"Build It and They Will Come.† is not a good strategy.I recommended my friends start reading Steve’s book so we could discuss his ideas – but few of my friends took me up on it. Meeting up with Brant Cooper and Hiten Shah in late 2009, they had similar problems – I believe it was Hiten who said â€Å"Someone needs to write the Cliff Notes to Steve’s book.†To which I said, â€Å"Why not us?†We self-published the book in early 2010.The Lean Entrepreneur, published by Wiley in 2013, was an entirely different experience. Multiple publishers had approached us because the Customer Development book had been so successful and they all wanted us to do a book with them.None of the deals made sense until we spoke to Wiley. They made a good deal for us financially and supported our vision for the book, a book that would expand upon Lean Startup and talk about Lean Startup and how to apply it in industries and sectors beyond tech. We wanted a book that would also tell stories visually with fakegrimlock’s artwork.The idea behind the â€Å"lean methodology† is that startups should build their products iteratively, testing and getting customer validation on each new feature before even building it. How is this concept applicable to non-fiction authors? Did you interact with your target audience while writing the books? Are you a lean author?We absolutely interacted and engaged with our readers before, during and after writing the book.For the Customer Development book, we did a lot of price-testing and talking about what was clear or unclear in their understanding of Customer Development.For T he Lean Entrepreneur, we pre-sold +500 books before we even started writing. We cobbled this video together on a landing page -Later on, we had a professionally done book trailer done:For both books, we threw a lot of ideas at them in our in-person talks and presentations, and noted what worked and what didn’t.You self-published The Entrepreneur’s Guide to Customer Development back in 2010. What made you go â€Å"indie† back then? And why did you choose to sign with a publisher for The Lean Entrepreneur?For the CustDev book, we had strong reason to believe that no publisher would want to touch a book that was a derivative of another cult self-published book!Self-publishing made perfect sense. I think it was the right choice and we learned a ton.For The Lean Entrepreneur, we wanted to try some new things from a different platform (to us).The main struggle for many authors is marketing, reader-acquisition and discoverability. These challenges similar to those of s tartups, right? How do you think your background in tech/startups helped you approach marketing your book?I think my background in marketing technology helped me tremendously.First, I understood the tools available to market products online – but paramountly, I had no hang-ups about marketing or acquiring customers/readers. Too many authors are too wrapped up in being â€Å"artistes† and mistakenly believe that someone else (i.e. the publisher) should market their ‘art’.Big mistake.We recently wrote a piece on whether it is worth indie authors partnering with a book marketer. You worked with Casey Armstrong on The Lean Entrepreneur. What did Casey do for you? More generally, do you think it makes sense for authors to â€Å"outsource† (part of) the marketing of their books?Casey was a tremendous help. If you can afford Casey, do your best to engage him. He was instrumental in the success of The Lean Entrepreneur.Amongst the many ways he helped â€⠀œ including multiple cool growth-hacks – he helped us prioritize, scale and leverage all of our marketing activities from blog and media outreach, from retargeting to email marketing.I don’t think that authors should ‘outsource’ marketing of their books – but should try to bring a marketer onto their team, define the goal, and figure out what crossing the finish line looks like – and this is important: together hand-in-hand with the marketer.1,000 books sold? 10,000 books sold? 100,000 books sold? And then work backwards from there to derive strategy and tactics as needed, be they SEO, social media, etc.As entrepreneurs, founders or early employees, we live through some pretty amazing experiences, which we often want to share with the world. What would be your #1 piece of advice to aspiring authors from the startup world?You’ll have to wait till my next book for that. 🙂But really, in the meantime, read The War of Art by Steve n Pressfied as soon as possible. Thank me later.Follow Patrick and Reedsy on Twitter:  @Pv  and  @ReedsyHQDo you agree that too many authors still think someone else (i.e. the publisher) should market their books? Or are expectations changing amongst authors?

Expectancy theory of motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Expectancy theory of motivation - Essay Example According to Williams (2010) valence, as a component of the expectancy theory of motivation, has another implication: the valence related to a particular task can be considered by an individual as important but for another individuals may be considered as of no particular value (Williams 2010, p.507). This means that the effectiveness of valence, as a component of the expectancy theory of motivation is not standardized. Montana & Charnov (2008) note that in the first phase of expectancy theory of motivation an individual need to be pursued that he will be able to perform a particular task (p.248); b) expectancy reflects the relationship between performance and expected outcomes; this means that if the rewards related to a particular task are important then it is quite possible for an individual to be motivated in order to perform the above task (Williams 2010, p.507). Griffin & Moorhead (2011) describe this component of the expectancy theory of motivation as the ‘performance -t o - outcome expectancy’ (Griffin & Moorhead 2011, p.104); c) the last component of the expectancy theory of motivation is instrumentality which shows ‘the preference of an individual for the rewards related to a particular task’ (Montana & Charnov 2008, p.248). In the context of the expectancy theory of motivation, instrumentality reveals the willingness of an individual to perform higher in order to get more rewards (Williams 2010, p.507). In any case, the expectancy theory promotes the idea that motivation can be high only if ‘all three components are high’ (William 2010, p.507). This means that if one of the components is low, then motivation cannot be high even if the other two components are high. The company in the given scenario could use the expectancy theory of motivation in order to enhance its employees’ motivation. According to the scenario, the employees of supervisor A are

Final research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final - Research Paper Example This is because the racist view of the white people was that freedom would radically alter the minds of the blacks. They therefore sought means and ways to eradicate them through conducting round ups and vandalizing the black neighborhoods with an aim to demonize the blacks and consequently raise funds to ship them back to Africa. The whites believed that the blacks had an innate inferiority and thus their impoverished condition and thus their concerted efforts to eliminate their presence.an example is Robert Carter III sent his sons to be educated in the Baptist College so that they could not be influenced by his five hundred slaves. The blacks therefore had a hard time trying to succeed in various aspects like their political ambitions and social economic situation. This is because of barriers put in place by the whites which degraded the free black people. They believed that the moral rectitude of the slaves was wanting. They therefore regarded the black people as strangers whose presence was unexpected and unaccounted for as they had no citizenship. The blacks on their side, sought to fight the racists beliefs and perceptions by seeking to strengthen their pride through the emphasis of the African distinctiveness. The negative interpretations of slavery among the whites made them to sideline the blacks in sectors like politics, social and economic development. The blacks played no role in crucial roles in the society and this led to the Civil war. This gained them some mileage and they began to have a small influence in the decision making process of the Country. Despite these advancements racism was still evident as the whites still believed in the discrimination and insubordination of the black people (Blackmon 156). Most historic writers like Joanne Pope Melish had the view that racists perceptions though they facilitated the enslavement of the black people, they did not solidify into ideas of permanent

How risk affect corporate financial strategy Research Paper

How risk affect corporate financial strategy - Research Paper Example Risk is the probability of loss to occur. Corporate financial strategy is affected by various types of risks. This includes political risk. Conflicts and civil wars leads to massive loss of assets by companies. When there is conflict in a country, companies’ property are looted and others destroyed.   Companies located in these countries suffer huge losses since it become hard to protect their investments. Nationalization of industries also poses political risk since companies’ lose their licenses; hence, they cannot continue to operate in these countries. Governments may also increases taxes on companies, making it difficult for any company to continue operating. The second type of risk is interest rate. When higher interest rate is charged on loans, it makes it impossible for companies to fund their operations using loans. Due to high interest rate charged on loans, corporate may fix higher prices on good and services hence reducing the market share as consumer will shift to cheaper goods (Ehrhardt and Eugene 7).The author states that one of the risks is credit risk. This type of risk is most common in banking industry where borrower will fail to meet the obligation to repay the loan in the agreed terms. Other risks occur in book keeping where incorrect figures are entered. Failure of borrowers to repay their loans and errors in book keeping causes huge loses to banking industries. The fourth type of risk is business risk. This is the probability that an auditor will suffer loss to his professional practice.

Memo to CIO on Success Criteria for Enterprise System Implementation Case Study

Memo to CIO on Success Criteria for Enterprise System Implementation - Case Study Example The modern design may be contrived in power ranges up to 800 horsepower. Due to Environmental trends globally, demand for the new generator and motor designs have been on the rise. The company has also opened up other branches which see the need to have all of its system synchronized into one system that can make it easier for the management to consolidate most of its CRM centrally at one point. Teamwork and composition are vital in the entire CRM life cycle. The CRM team should comprise of the best individuals from the company (Brown, and Vessey, 1999). Coming up with a cross-functional team is also necessary. The team should consist of knowledgeable consultants and some internal staff such the internal staff may develop the needed technical skills required for design and implementation. The support of top management is required in the entire implementation process. The project must have a valid approval from the top management and align with critical business goals (Buckhout Frey and Nemec, 1999). This may be achieved through tying the management bonuses to the success of the project. Managers are supposed to legitimize new objectives and goals. A joint vision of the company and the function of the new CRM application and structure should be communicated directly to the employees. New structures, responsibilities, and roles of the company should be adopted. Policies should be put by top management to form modern systems in the company. There should be a clearly outlined business plan and a vision in order to steer the direction of CRM implementation. This business plan should clearly define the intended tangible and strategic merits, costs, Timeline, risk, and resources. This will assist in evaluating the extent to which the implementation process has gone and the benefits of the CRM (Callaway, 2000).

Production chain in the car indusry and CSR Essay

Production chain in the car indusry and CSR - Essay Example On the other hand, corporate social pesponsibility is the act of a company or an organization to ensure that its activities work in a way that it benefits the society in which it surrounds. The company should also ensure that employees and customers' needs are well gathered for and as a result lead to proper relationship amongst the parties involved thus leading to a sustainable developmnent owing to the fact that each and every member of the society will be feeling considered and hence contribute to the success of the organization in whichever way possible (Bloom and Gundlach, 2001; Darren et al, 2009; Fernanda, 2006). Since production chain should be taken as a single service delivery aimed at achieving a common goal, it should always be appropriate that all the interelated components are brought together, for instance, as a result of variation in characteristics involved in making different types of cars such as speed, capacity and modes of operation which in a way may varry according to the various operations the car undertakes(IB chamber, 2002). For instance, a heavy commercial vehicle will definitely be made in a way that it will not speed beyond a certain limit being exceeded by a small car. As a unifying factor, it is important that over time, the designing and development of processes be improved. This requires making further improvements on the existing car models. This should be done to ensure that the firm or the company maintains its customers and furthemore coming up with what the competitors in the market cannot attain. In essence, production in car industry normally requires that al l the departments in an organization are involved. for instance, the purchasing department will be responsible for the acquisition of raw materials to be used in the actual making of the car, the manufacturing department will ensure that the actual car is made to work, the human resource department will make sure that the labour force is hired and its employees rights and welfare is taken into consideration, finance department is responsible for making the necessary payments to staff and further ensuring that all transactions made by the car production industry are well accounted for, sales department is accontable for all the sales, that is; making sure that the organization is able to achieve the targets as per the needs of the organization and finally the marketing department core responsibility is to ensure sustained competetiveness of the industry by making sure it sources for more markets for the products coming up from the car production industry. Taking all the departments i nto account, it is appropriate to employ good corporate social responsibility as this will ensure that proper morals and code of conduct are put in place and thus ensuring that no

Bullying at School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bullying at School - Essay Example When a student embarrasses, ridicules or scorns another student it is harassment, bullying or teasing. (Harber, 2004) Bullying can take many forms-physical violence, threats, name-calling, sarcasm, spreading rumors, persistent teasing, and exclusion from a group, tormenting, ridicule, humiliation and abusive comments. All are a form of violence. Teacher-pupil bullying also exists. Pupil-pupil bullying is a common problem in schools internationally. Though there are variations in the types of bullying perpetrated, bullying is carried out by both males and females and both males and females are the victims. However, apparently schools play no part in creating it and do their best to put an end to it. Schools can play a large part in actually creating the problem of bullying. For example, lower achieving pupils, belittled in the competitive atmosphere, may strive to regain some dignity through bullying. It is also pointed out that while school sport has the potential for learning team spirit, giving your best and shared endeavor, it can also exclude those who do not excel and it can become brutish with over-competitiveness, over-stressing the body and the promotion of aggression and violence. While all children who are treated brutally do not go on to become bully because there are often countervailing and modifying socialization influences, and because they do not have the opportunity, serious damage can be done to individuals and the results can negatively affect societies. The second, related idea is that authoritarianism and its emphasis on automatic obedience to orders is very dangerous as it conditions and permits individuals to carry out violent acts by proving a justification or legitimating for them. Many individual acts of violence have been carried out and justified in the name of the duty to obey. Types of Violence Bullies normally resort to various types of violence they often subject victims to, like physical manhandling and mental and emotional harassment. One important aspect of this can include various forms of sexual harassment-verbal sexual aggression, the threat of sexual abuse, unsolicited physical contact and enforced sexual interference. The underlying authoritarian and patriarchal context of direct sexual violence in schooling and its role in reproducing hegemonic forms of violent masculinity are often more hurting for the bullied children. the teachers appeared to pursue their amorous activities both inside and outside the classroom quite openly; in the classroom, boys and girls would whistle or hiss if a teacher called on a particular girl known to be of interest to him to read out loud or come in front of the class. Boys were loud in their condemnation of such teachers, not for moral reasons but because they saw it as unfair competition. (Harber, 2004) Moreover, male teachers who behave in this way are indicating to boys that such behavior is acceptable. Some key findings of the research were: - Sexual abuse of girls by girls by male pupils and teachers is accepted along with corporal punishment, verbal abuse and bullying, as an inevitable part of much of school life. It exploits unequal power relationships and the

Production chain in the car indusry and CSR Essay

Production chain in the car indusry and CSR - Essay Example On the other hand, corporate social pesponsibility is the act of a company or an organization to ensure that its activities work in a way that it benefits the society in which it surrounds. The company should also ensure that employees and customers' needs are well gathered for and as a result lead to proper relationship amongst the parties involved thus leading to a sustainable developmnent owing to the fact that each and every member of the society will be feeling considered and hence contribute to the success of the organization in whichever way possible (Bloom and Gundlach, 2001; Darren et al, 2009; Fernanda, 2006). Since production chain should be taken as a single service delivery aimed at achieving a common goal, it should always be appropriate that all the interelated components are brought together, for instance, as a result of variation in characteristics involved in making different types of cars such as speed, capacity and modes of operation which in a way may varry according to the various operations the car undertakes(IB chamber, 2002). For instance, a heavy commercial vehicle will definitely be made in a way that it will not speed beyond a certain limit being exceeded by a small car. As a unifying factor, it is important that over time, the designing and development of processes be improved. This requires making further improvements on the existing car models. This should be done to ensure that the firm or the company maintains its customers and furthemore coming up with what the competitors in the market cannot attain. In essence, production in car industry normally requires that al l the departments in an organization are involved. for instance, the purchasing department will be responsible for the acquisition of raw materials to be used in the actual making of the car, the manufacturing department will ensure that the actual car is made to work, the human resource department will make sure that the labour force is hired and its employees rights and welfare is taken into consideration, finance department is responsible for making the necessary payments to staff and further ensuring that all transactions made by the car production industry are well accounted for, sales department is accontable for all the sales, that is; making sure that the organization is able to achieve the targets as per the needs of the organization and finally the marketing department core responsibility is to ensure sustained competetiveness of the industry by making sure it sources for more markets for the products coming up from the car production industry. Taking all the departments i nto account, it is appropriate to employ good corporate social responsibility as this will ensure that proper morals and code of conduct are put in place and thus ensuring that no

Tiresias the blind prophet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tiresias the blind prophet - Research Paper Example There are different versions of how Tiresias became blind. One version says that he was blinded by the goddess, ‘Athena’ because he saw her nakedness when she was taking her bath (Watling 17); another story says that he was blinded by the goddess wife of Zeus, Hera as he angered her by saying that women had nine times more pleasure than men when making love and another one says that he was blinded by the gods for disclosing their secrets (Hyginus, Fabulae 75). Zeus compensated Tiresias by granting him long life and a gift of foresight after his wife, Hera had blinded him. Another legend has it that, the gift of prophecy of Tiresias was bestowed on him by Athena in compensation of his lost sight after his mother Chariclo pleaded to Athena to restore his sight (Watling). When Tiresias was transformed to a woman, he married and had children and one of them, ‘Manto’ was also endowed with the gift of prophecy (Sophocles). Tiresias was a mysterious being in the sense that at a point in his life, he was a man and at another point, he was transformed into a woman. Due to the fact that Tiresias made his mark as a great prophet, his name was â€Å"a common title for soothsayers throughout Greek legendary history.†(Graves 105). Tiresias played a great role in Sophocles’ Oedipus the King and he was of great importance as his relevance in the play was without doubt. When Oedipus the king needed help, it was Tiresias that he could call, as Oedipus needed him to reveal the person that killed his father, Laius, a man that Oedipus never knew was his father at that point. Tiresias started his revelation by stating that â€Å"I tell you this: the man youve searched for all along with threats and fanfares for the murder of King Laius- that man, I say, is here.† (Sophocles 41). It was Tiresias that eventually told Oedipus that he was the one that killed his father unknowingly and this represented a twist in the play as the

Drug Discovery Processes

Drug Discovery Processes Introduction Chemistry is not merely a science of making observations in order to better understand nature. Chemistry, as the science of matter and its transformation, plays a central role in bridging between physics, material sciences and life sciences. Our science is creative and productive, generating substances and materials of very high value from almost nothing. In view of its significance, chemical synthesis demands the highest level of scientific/technological creativity and insight to explore its limitless possibilities. Chemical synthesis must pursue the goal of practical elegance; it must be logically elegant and at the same time technologically practical. We must manufacture useful compounds in an economical, energy-efficient, resource-preserving, and environmentally benign way(add ref impo-01). To maintain our current standard of living and to improve quality of life, society has come to depend on the products of chemical industry. The last century has been highly productive in this aspect as it emerges in development in pharmaceutical development, water treatment, material science, polymers, agriculture pesticides and fungicides, detergents, petroleum additives and so forth. Pharmaceutical development plays a vital role as various drugs that are developed have helped in the eradication of many infectious diseases. Although there are certain diseases that have still not found any resistance towards drugs but even though a lot of work is still being carried out on it. Research in the field of pharmaceutical has its most important task in the development of new and better drugs and their successful introduction into clinical practice. â€Å"Medicinal chemistry remains a challenging science which provides profound satisfaction to its practitioners. It intrigues those of us who like to solve problems posed by nature. It verges increasingly on biochemistry and on all the physical, genetic and chemical riddles in animal physiology which bear on medicine. Medicinal chemists have a chance to participate in the fundamentals of prevention, therapy and understanding of diseases and thereby to contribute to a healthier and happier life.† ALFRED BURGER 3   Importance of a Drug: A drug is any chemical or biological substance, synthetic or non-synthetic, that when taken into the organism’s body, will in some way after the functions of that organism’s. This broad definition can be made by including such substances as food. However more strict applications of the word prevail in everyday life. In these cases the word â€Å"drug† is usually used to refer specifically to medicine, vitamins, entheogenic sacraments, consciousness expanding or recreational drugs. Many natural substances such as beers, wine, and some mushrooms, blur the line between food and drugs, when ingested they affect the functioning of both mind and body. The word â€Å"drug† is etymologically derived from the Dutch/Low German word â€Å"droog† which means â€Å"dry†, since in the past; most drugs were dried plant parts. Drugs are usually distinguished from endogenous biochemical by being introduced from outside the organism. For example, insulin is a hormone that is synthesized in the body; it is called a hormone when it is synthesized by the pancreas inside the body, but if it is introduced into the body from outside, it is called a drug. The role played by organic chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry continues to be one of the main drivers in the drug discovery process. However, the precise nature of that role is undergoing a visible change, not only because of the new synthetic methods and technologies now available to the synthetic and medicinal chemist, but also in several key areas, particularly in drug metabolism and chemical toxicology, as chemists deal with the ever more rapid turnaround of testing data that influences their day-to-day decisions. Numerous changes are now occurring in the pharmaceutical industry, not just in the way that the industry is perceived, but also in the rapid expansion of biomedical and scientific knowledge, which affects the way science is practiced in the industry. The recent changes that have occurred in scientific advances are due to the new synthetic techniques and new technologies for rational drug design, combinatorial chemistry, automated synthesis, and compound purification and identification. In addition, with the advent of high-throughput screening (HTS), we are now faced with many targets being screened and many hits being evaluated. However, success in this arena still requires skilled medicinal chemists making the correct choices, often with insight gleaned from interactions with computational chemists and structural biologists, about which â€Å"hits† are likely to play out as true â€Å"lead† structures that will meet the plethora of hurdles that any drug candidate must surmount. It is the mission of pharmaceutical research companies to take the path from understanding a disease to bringing a safe and effective new treatment to patients. Scientists work to piece together the basic causes of disease at the level of genes, proteins and cells. Out of this understanding emerge â€Å"targets,† which potential new drugs might be able to affect. Researchers work to validate these targets, discover the right molecule (potential drug) to interact with the target chosen, test the new compound in the lab and clinic for safety and efficacy and gain approval and get the new drug into the hands of doctors and patients. The drug discovery process goes through following sequences for the development of particular drug4. Pre-discovery (Understand the disease) Before any potential new medicine can be discovered, scientists work to understand the disease to be treated as well as possible, and to unravel the underlying cause of the condition. They try to understand how the genes are altered, how that affects the proteins they encode and how those proteins interact with each other in living cells, how those affected cells change the specific tissue they are in and finally how the disease affects the entire patient. This knowledge is the basis for treating the problem. Researchers from government, academia and industry all contribute to this knowledge base. However, even with new tools and insights, this research takes many years of work and, too often, leads to frustrating dead ends. And even if the research is successful, it will take many more years of work to turn this basic understanding of what causes a disease into a new treatment. Target Identification (Choose a molecule to target with a drug) Once they have enough understanding of the underlying cause of a disease pharmaceutical researchers select a â€Å"target† for a potential new medicine. A target is generally a single molecule, such as a gene or protein, which is involved in a particular disease. Even at this early stage in drug discovery it is critical that researchers pick a target that is â€Å"drugable,† i.e., one that can potentially interact with and be affected by a drug molecule. Target Validation (Test the target and confirm its role in the disease) After choosing a potential target, scientists must show that it actually is involved in the disease and can be acted upon by a drug. Target validation is crucial to help scientists avoid research paths that look promising, but ultimately lead to dead ends. Researchers demonstrate that a particular target is relevant to the disease being studied through complicated experiments in both living cells and in animal models of disease. Drug Discovery (Find a promising molecule that could become a drug) Armed with their understanding of the disease, scientists are ready to begin looking for a drug. They search for a molecule, or â€Å"lead compound,† that may act on their target to alter the disease course. If successful over long odds and years of testing, the lead compound can ultimately become a new medicine. There are a few ways to find a lead compound: Nature: Scientists usually have turned to nature for find interesting compounds for fighting against diseases. Bacteria found in soil and mouldy plants both led to important new treatments. Nature still offers many useful substances, but now there are other ways to approach drug discovery. De novo: Thanks to advances in chemistry, scientists can also create molecules from scratch. They can use sophisticated computer modelling to predict what type of molecule may work. High-throughput Screening: This process is the most common way that leads are usually found. Advances in robotics and computational power allow researchers to test hundreds of thousands of compounds against the target to identify any that might be promising. Based on the results, several lead compounds are usually selected for further study. Biotechnology: Scientists can also genetically engineer living systems to produce disease-fighting biological molecules. Early Safety Tests(Perform initial tests on promising compounds) Lead compounds go through a series of tests to provide an early assessment of the safety of the lead compound. Scientists test Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicological (ADME/Tox) properties, or â€Å"pharmacokinetics,† of each lead. These studies help researchers prioritize lead compounds early in the discovery process. ADME/Tox studies are performed in living cells, in animals via computational models. Lead Optimization(Alter the structure of lead candidates to improve properties) Lead compounds that survive the initial screening are then optimized, or altered to make them more effective and safer. By changing the structure of a compound, scientists can give it different properties. For example, they can make it less likely to interact with other chemical pathways in the body, thus reducing the potential for side effects. Hundreds of different variations or â€Å"analogues† of the initial leads are made and tested. Teams of biologists and chemists work together closely: The biologists test the effects of analogues on biological systems while the chemists take this information to make additional alterations that are then retested by the biologists. The resulting compound is the candidate drug. Even at this early stage, researchers begin to think about how the drug will be made, considering formulation (the recipe for making a drug, including inactive ingredients used to hold it together and allow it to dissolve at the right time), delivery mechanism (the way the drug is taken – by mouth, injection, inhaler) and large-scale manufacturing (how you make the drug in large quantities). Preclinical Testing(Lab and animal testing to determine if the drug is safe enough for human testing) With one or more optimized compounds in hand, researchers turn their attention to testing them extensively to determine if they should move on to testing in humans. Scientists carry out in vitro and in vivo tests. In vitro tests are experiments conducted in the lab, usually carried out in test tubes and beakers (â€Å"vitro† is â€Å"glass† in Latin) and in vivo studies are those in living cell cultures and animal models (â€Å"vivo† is â€Å"life† in Latin). Scientists try to understand how the drug works and what its safety profile looks like. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) require extremely thorough testing before the candidate drug can be studied in humans. During this stage researchers also must work out how to make large enough quantities of the drug for clinical trials. Techniques for making a drug in the lab on a small scale do not translate easily to larger production. This is the first scale up. The drug will need to be scaled up eve n more if it is approved for use in the general patient population. At the end of several years of intensive work, the discovery phase concludes. After starting with approximately 5,000 to 10,000 compounds, scientists now have winnowed the group down to between one and five molecules, â€Å"candidate drugs,† which will be studied in clinical trials. The drugs that are being currently used for curing human ailments mainly comprise of several natural products having complex structures. These are derived from terrestrial micro-organisms, plants and animals. The synthetic analogues of the above or other synthetic compounds that are totally non-natural also serve as drugs. A survey of literature reveals that â€Å"HETEROCYCLES† have been increasingly important not only in the field of medicinal world but also in the agriculture. The chemistry of the heterocyclic compounds is as logical as that of aliphatic or aromatic compounds. This study is of great interest both from the theoretical as well as practical stand point. Heterocyclic compounds are the organic substrates that contain a cyclic structure bearing atoms like nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur in addition to carbon atom as the part of their ring. The cyclic part (from Greek kyklos, meaning circle) of heterocycle indicates that at least one ring structure is present in such a compound and the prefix hetero (from Greek heteros, meaning other or different) refers to non-carbon atom in the ring. The cyclic part of the heterocycle indicates that at least one ring structure is cyclic organic compound that incorporate at least one hetero atom in the rings like cyclopropane or benzene. The presence of the heteroatom gives heterocyclic compounds many significant physical and chemical properties that are usually distinct from those of all carbon-ring analogues. These structures may comprise of either simple aromatic rings or non-aromatic ring. The chemistry of heterocyclic compounds is one of the most interesting and intriguing branch of the organic chemistry which is of equal interests for its theoretical implications, for the diversity of its synthetic procedures and for the physiological and industrial significances.1-2 The variety of heterocyclic compounds is enormous, their chemistry is complex and synthesizing them requires great skill. Among large number of heterocycles found in nature nitrogen heterocycles are most abundant than those containing oxygen or sulphur owing to their wide distribution in nucleic acid instance and involvement in almost every physiological process of plants and animals. It is well known that a number of heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur exhibit a wide variety of biological activities. The majority of pharmaceutical products that mimic natural products with biological activity are heterocyclic in nature3 and are of great importance to life because their structural subunits exist in many natural products such as vitamins, hormones, antibiotics and pigments.4,5 Besides the vast distribution of heterocycles in natural products, these substrates are also the major components of biological molecules such as DNA and RNA, in the form of pyrimidine and purine bases. The enzymes possess purely protein structures and the coenzymes incorporate non-amino acid moieties, most of them are aromatic nitrogen heterocycles. Porphyrins8-10 are the backbone of many major compounds and some of their derivatives are fundamental to life, such as heme11 derivatives in blood and chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis. The heme group of the oxygen-carrying protein-hemoglobin and related compounds such as myoglobin; the chlorophyll, which are the light-gathering pigments of green plants and other photosynthetic organisms, and vitamin B12 are all formed from four pyrrole units joined in a larger ring system known as a porphyrin, such as that of chlorophyll a 1.9 and chlorophyll b 1.10. Many vitamins13 like folic acid 1.12, vitamin B5, nicotinic acid 1.13, nicotinamide 1.14, vitamin B6 pyridoxine 1.15, pyridoxal 1.16, and pyridoxamine 1.17 are well known heterocyclic compounds. Psoralen consists of coumarin fused with furan rings, is used in treatment for skin problems and it shows considerable clinical efficacy.14 Cinchona bark15 has been used for several hundred years for the treatment of malaria where quinine 1.21 is the active heterocyclic component. Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) 1.22 obtained commercially from methylation of xanthine with methyl chloride or dimethylsulphate and alkali, is the major stimulant in tea and coffee. Natural products containing heterocyclic compounds such as alkaloids and glycosides have been used since old age, as remedial agents. Febrifagl alkaloid from ancient Chinese drug, Chang Shan, reserpine from Indian rouwopifia, Curen alkaloid from arrow poison, codenine, j-tropine and strychnine are all examples of heterocyclic compounds. Many alkaloids37 contain a pyridine or piperidine ring structure, among them nicotine 1.55, the main alkaloid constituent of tobacco, is based on the five membered pyrrolidine and six membered pyridine structures and piperine 1.56 which is one of the sharp-tasting constituents of white and black pepper and it is obtained from the plant species piper nigrum. The benzimidazole derivatives 1.64-1.68 having antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesics properties have been successfully prepared.41 Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines have attracted much attention since the beginning of the last century. Due to their important biological activity, they have, in recent years, been broadly investigated and utilized in the pharmaceutical industry. They are also used in bioimaging probes and molecular recognition because of their structural characters.1 In addition, the imidazo[1,2 -a]pyridine scaffolds have been found to be the core structure of many natural products and drugs such as zolpidem, alpidem, saripidem, tenatoprazole, olprinone, and DS-1.2,3 (3)Zhuan Fei, Yan-ping Zhu ⇑, Mei-cai Liu, Feng-cheng Jia, An-xin Wu Tetrahedron Letters 54 (2013) 1222–1226 (imidazo-5 in reference folder) Heterocyclic compounds are obtainable by the following methods. a. Isolation from natural sources, i.e. alkaloids, amino acids, indigo dyes etc. b. Degradation of natural products i.e. acridine, furfural, indol, pyridine, quinoline, thiophene etc. c. Synthesis: Synthesis methods for obtaining heterocyclic compounds may be divided into ring closer reactions, addition reaction and replacement reaction. Cyclisation is usually accomplished by elimination of some small molecules such as water or ammonia from chain of suitable length. Heterocyclic compounds have a great applicability as drugs because, a. They have a specific chemical reactivity. b. They resemble essential metabolism and can provide false synthons in biosynthetic process. Aims and objectives: Taking in view the applicability of heterocyclic compounds, we have undertaken the preparation of heterocycles bearing triazole and pyrimidines nucleus. The placements of a wide variety of substituents of these nuclei have been designed in order to evaluate the synthesized products for their pharmacological profile against several strains of bacteria and fungi and tuberculosis. During the course of our research work, looking to the application of heterocyclic compounds, several entities have been designed, generated and characterized using spectral studies. The details are as under. To synthesize several bioactive derivatives of benzo[d]imidazo and its Schiff’s base and dihydro pyrazolothiazoles. To generate triazolo [1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives. To synthesize imidazo [1,2-a]pyridine by Green Synthesis and develop their Mannich base. To check purity of all synthesized compounds using thin layer chromatography. To characterize these synthesized products for structure elucidation using various spectroscopic techniques like IR, 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectral studies. To grow single crystal of the synthesized compounds and study there X-ray crystallography for establishment of the structure. To evaluate these new synthesized products for better drug potential against different strains of bacteria and fungi.

Physics of a Spudgun :: physics potato gun cannon

Well it's quite simple actually. Spudguns use some of the same principles as internal combustion engines. Just as burning gas forces a piston out of a cylinder it can also force out a potato. A spudgun is a device that uses some form of propellant to project a potato across the sky. Usually these devices are made of ABS plastic sewer pipe. There are several major parts of the spud gun that these pages will refer to. These parts are the firing chamber, the igniter, and the barrel. The ignition device of a spud gun is simply put the spark generator that causes the combustion of the fuel in the firing chamber. This device is usually a charcoal grill lighter. The button on the sparker is depressed and a spark arcs across a wire lead and a ground wire. The grill sparker is installed in to the back of the firing chamber by means of threading, epoxy, and bolts. This sparker becomes a projectile if it is not well seated in the end cap of the firing chamber. It must be held firmly in place withstanding any pressure produced by the fuels being burned in the chamber. This type or igniter will work in most conditions including when it becomes wet with fuel. Other igniters exist but are not recommended as highly as the charcoal grill sparker. The Colmen lantern spin lighter which use a flint and striker can become gummed up with some fuels and is not recommended for use in spud guns which will use hairspray as a primary fuel. This lighter must have new flints installed when they run out. This type of lighter also will fail to function when wet with fuel. The flame style barbecue lighter is a click lighter that produces a small-sustained flame. This lighter rarely misfires but is very hard to install given the high pressures it would be subjected to. Also the fuel in the lighter it self must be refilled. Some Spud Guns use a spark plug and battery setup that involves more work as well as more components. The benefits of this style of ignition system is that you have the ability to remote detonate the fuel from a safe distance. By far the push button charcoal grill sparker is the recommended igniter. It is cheap, effective, relatively easy to install and long lasting.

Do You Have the Power? :: Creative Writing Essays

Do You Have the Power?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It all started in the interesting city of New York.   The smog ridden streets were filled with people.   On a quiet little street corner, there was a small shop owned by Harvey Goldstein.   Mr. Goldstein   was a well-to-do merchant. He traded in all sorts of imports, and was generally a moral man.   He did not buy goods from sweatshops nor did he ever cheat a customer.  Ã‚   At 1:31 P.M. on May 15, 1996, he stepped out of his shop on the Upper East Side of Manhattan to meet a man who dealt in Asian silk screens downtown.   He had been listening to traffic radio AM 530 and, deciding that traffic was too heavy, planned to take the subway.   Goldstein was a smart man, very smart, who had built his store and his fortune out of   blood, toil, tears, and sweat. Goldstein was also an upstanding member of the Jewish community whom everybody loved, but he never did anything extra, out of the ordinary, for anyone but himself.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other side of town there was a new arrival to the city.   This man's name was Running Bear.   He was an American Indian who had gone to New York to seek his fortune; however, he soon fell upon hard times.   He had lived a life of monetary deprivation on the plains of Colorado, and had proceeded to New York by Amtrak with only a dollar and a dream.   Things did not go as planned, though; he could not find a job and had taken to panhandling and sleeping in the streets. His dreams, no doubt influenced by the fumes coming up from the sewer, were of money.   A good man who only wanted to work and make a decent living, he had gone to the welfare office a few blocks north of Goldstein's shop.   He was sent to the employment office downtown, and decided to take the subway.   No doubt, the welfare officials and social workers sent him away with a sad shrug and a sigh. They knew he was a simple man.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two men saw each other waiting for the same train downtown. Interestingly enough, they were the only two waiting for the subway car, as a terrorist group had threatened to bomb a train and New Yorkers had generally taken the threat seriously.   They looked at each other briefly, sized one another up, and got on the train. While on the train, Running Bear began fiddling with a hatchet;   tossing it up in the air over and over again in

Rough Draft on Drug Wars

Rough Draft Thousands upon thousands of lives have been taken due to the huge demand for drugs crossing from Mexico into the United States. The murder rate is extremely high, and has caused so much chaos between both countries because of this. Drug dealers in the United States contact drug dealers in Mexico, and vice versa, to cross the drugs between borders illegally. A high percentage of the time, either of the drug dealers from both sides will have a scape goat swim the border while carrying high amounts of drugs with them, or will attempt to cross it over smuggled in a vehicle.In Mexico, it is extremely corrupt and even the law enforcement is involved in the crossing of drugs illegally. This being done causes so much conflict between the two countries and it’s very scary for anyone living in the Mexico side of it, because wars will break out over the drugs almost daily and many people’s lives end up being taken because of this. Innocent people can be caught in betwe en a gun fight and their lives are in extreme danger, which is another reason why this drug war continues to go on.Many families try and flee their country to come into the United States so their families do not have to live in danger, but if being caught trying to cross over illegally, there are extremely harsh consequences. It is sad to know that millions of families have to live in fear and are too scared to leave their houses because they are scared of being caught in between one of the many gun fights that break out. There have been many cases where the Mexican Cartels will hire the elderly people of Mexico, and sometimes even children, to be their drug traffickers, putting them at extreme risk of being badly hurt, incarcerated, or even murdered.The Mexican Cartels believe that using children or the elderly will make it look less likely to be any type of illegal activity, but in the mix of it all, they have had many of them hurt or in extreme trouble with the law. Drug wars are not only held between the United States and Mexico; there are so many other places dealing with the same problem and that is why we need to raise awareness on the situation more than we already have. There have been many attempts in causing this fight to end, but it is too big of a fight for anyone to be able to get ahold of everyone causing this chaos.Any drug cartel around the world could careless who gets ahold of their drugs as long as they’re making money, and they are putting our younger generations at risk of becoming addicted to the drugs they are passing out to the world. Addiction is so high and the effects are incredibly bad. The effects of addiction could either be hereditary, or something one has seen throughout their lives causing them to do exactly as they had seen. There needs to be more educational programs out there to teach every one of the effects of addiction.The strong effects of drug use affect your body and can eventually begin to start to deteriorate over time. Your brain, muscles, respiratory system, liver, and every part of your body will begin to deteriorate after long periods of using illegal substances. Drug use especially affects your brain and the way you allow your thoughts to flow. Drug users are very irresponsible and can only go on with their lives if they are getting high. It is a horrible thing to get into and can cause the one with the disease to not even be able to enjoy life anymore without feeling the effects of the drug they are addicted to.The way I believe we should educate others on the causes and effects of addiction are to hold seminars and educate the younger children in grade school. People who are educated on the extreme effects of drug use might actually not get into them with proper education. Those who were never educated on the effects of drug use are most likely going to be the ones to fall victim of peer pressure and eventually get into drugs themselves. In other cases, it is hard to avoid and ca n be picked up as a child, seeing family members or other individuals doing drugs.We should educate everyone, as well as having no tolerance laws when it comes to hard drugs and giving longer sentences to those who are caught with the drugs, instead of letting them off on probation or parole. Many people would completely disagree with allowing marijuana to be legal, but if you think about it, it could eventually cause the drug violence to end around the world. Marijuana has the least effects out of all the drugs in the world, and although people take it to the extreme, it is honestly a harmless drug and should not be causing this many people to have their lives taken over it.

What legal rights (if any) does Milesofpaper Ltd have in respect of payment for the stationery and office equipment??

Introduction As Mr Frank and Mr Stamp entered into the contract with Milesofpaper Ltd before the incorporation of Wearboaters Ltd, it would appear that the contract was entered into under the partnership of Pleasure Boats & Co and thereby governed by the Partnership Act (PA) 1890. In order for a partnership to be created, there must be two or more persons that conduct business with a view to profit. Partnerships are defined under s. 1(1) PA 1890 as a â€Å"relation subsisting between persons carrying on business in common with a view of profit†. Mr Frank and Mr Stamp had clearly entered into a partnership as they carried on business (pleasure boat building and repairing) with a view to profit; Khan v Miah, Ahad and Miah[1]. Unlike companies, partnerships do not have a separate corporate personality and are instead regarded as a collection of individuals or persons.[2] This means that each partner is jointly liable, without limit, for the debts and obligations of the partnership incurred wh ile he or she is a partner (s. 9 PA 1890). Mr Frank and Mr Stamp will therefore both be personally liable for any debts the partnership incurred; M Young Legal Associates Ltd v Zahid[3]. In considering whether Milesofpaper has any rights in respect of payment for the stationary and office equipment, it will need to be considered whether Mr Frank and Mr Stamp are personally liable the contact is capable of binding the partnership. Given that both partners entered into the contract with Milesofpaper, they will be deemed to have had actual authority to bind the firm. S. 5 PA 1890 states that every partner is an agent of the firm whose acts bind the firm and his partners, unless the partner acting had no authority to do so. Given that both Mr Frank and Mr Stamp would have the authority to enter into the contract with Milesofpaper, it is clear that their actions would have bound the firm. However, because the contract was entered into under the company’s name; Wearboaters Ltd, it is doubtful that this particular transaction will be binding against the partners. It is noted under s. 6 PA 1890 that an act relating to the business of the firm must be done in the firm name or any other manner to be binding on the firm and all its partners. Since the act relating to the business of the firm was done in the name of the new unincorporated company, it is unlikely that the partnership will be liable for the debt. Ye t, the individual who entered into the contract may be liable for the debt as their own private act[4]; Sangster v Biddulph[5]. Furthermore, even though Wearboaters Ltd has now been incorporated, Milesofpaper Ltd will not be able to enforce the pre-incorporated contract. The reason for this is that; â€Å"before incorporation, the company is not competent to enter into contract in its own name as it has no legal entity†[6]. As such, Wearboaters Ltd will not be capable of being sued for the pre-incorporation contract that was entered into between Mr Frank, Mr Stamp and Milesofpaper. In Re English & Colonial Product Co[7] it was held that a company was not liable to pay for services and expenses incurred by a solicitor pre-incorporation as the company was not in existence at the time when the expenses were incurred. In addition, it was also held in CIT v City Mills Distilleries (P) Ltd[8] that a company has no status prior to its incorporation and can have no income or liability. As the company had not been incorporated, Mr Frank and Mr Stamp will be classed as ‘promoters’ who will have purported to enter into a contract by or on behalf of Wearboaters Ltd[9]. As promoters, Mr Frank and Mr Stamp will be personally liable unless the contract states otherwise (s. 51 Companies Act (CA) 2006). In Phonogram Ltd v Lane[10] it was held that a promoter of a company was personally liable to repay a deb t that was made on the company’s behalf under s. 51 CA 2006 (previously 2. 36 CA 1985) even though the claimant was unaware that the company was not in existence at the time the contract was entered into. Overall, it is likely that Milesofpaper will have a claim against Mr Frank and Mr Stamp in respect of payment for the stationery and office equipment. What legal rights (if any) do Mr Frank and Mr Stamp have in respect to payment for compensation for the destroyed boats and equipment? Once a company has been incorporated, it is separate and distinct from its members as shown in Salomon v Salomon[11]. Here, it was made clear that a company shall be solely liable for any losses or mishaps that arise within the company. In accordance with this principle, a company has the capacity to enter into contracts and sue and be sued in its own name. If the company suffers a breach of contract, it is the company who will be able to sue on the contract for breach and thereby seek to take the appropriate remedial action[12]. As business assets are owned by the company, it is the company who is responsible for insuring them. Because Mr Frank had insured the assets of the business under the partnership, the assets that have been transferred to the company will no longer be insured. This is because Mr Frank does not have an insurable interest in the company’s assets and a new contract would need to have been entered into between the company and the insurer. This was identifi ed in Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd[13] where Macaura was the owner of a timber estate who took out an insurance policy in his own name. Most of the timber was destroyed by fire but Macaura could not claim for loss of goods as he did not have an insurable interest in the timber. It was held that a person cannot claim for loss of goods that are owned by another party. As the company owned the timber, Macaura could not make a claim. Since Wearboaters Ltd is the new owner of the assets, Mr Frank will not be able to make a claim as they no longer have an insurable interest in the assets. When the assets were transferred a new insurance policy should have been taken out in Wearboaters Ltd’s name. As Mr Frank and Mr Stamp have failed to take out a new insurance policy, they will be deemed to have breached their directors’ duties and will be found personally liable for the loss that has been caused to the business. It cannot be said that Mr Frank and Mr Stamp were promoting the success of the company as required under s. 172 CA 2006 and will therefore be liable for any losses incurred; Re Duomatic[14]. This is an exception to the rule in Salomon that a company is separate and distinct from its members and thus allows the corporate veil to be lifted in certain circumstances. In addition, Mr Frank and Mr Stamp also breached their duty to â€Å"exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence† under s. 174 CA 2006 as shown in Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Goldberg[15]. Although the courts are generally reluctant to lift the corporate veil, they will do so when â€Å"common sense and reality demand it†[16] and when â€Å"there is a powerful argument of principle for lifting the corporate veil where the facts require it†[17]. It could be said that this is to apply in the instant situation as Mr Frank and Mr Stamp should have insured the assets of the business as they were the first directors of Wearboaters Ltd. The courts will only pierce the corporate veil in very limited circumstances, however, and if Mr Frank and Mr Stamp can demonstrate that there was no evidence of â€Å"fraud, illegality or a sham or if the company is a mere facade concealing the true facts† (ss. 213-215 of the Insolvency Act 1986, s. 993 CA 2006 and s. 15 of the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986), then it is unlikely that they will be found personally liable; Adams v Cape Industries plc[18]. As noted by Talbot; â€Å"veil piecing is not an end in itself but a means to an end†[19]. Therefore, unless the circumstances of the case give rise to fraud or a pre-existing obligation, the courts will be unlikely to pierce the veil in its entirety; Pirelli Cable Holding NV v IRC[20]. It has been said that the courts will â€Å"go to great lengths to avoid any obvious penetration of the corporate veil, whilst still making the sort of inquiries that would be satisfied by just such a process†[21]. T his prevents the doctrine from being completely undermined, whilst also protecting the public; Millam v Print Factory (London) 1991 Ltd[22]. The veil will only be lifted in exceptional circumstances[23] so as to prevent individuals from being discouraged from investing in companies[24]. Overall, given that it Mr Frank and Mr Stamp appear to have made a genuine mistake in respect of the insurance, it is unlikely that they will be found personally liable. However, they will not be entitled to compensation for any loss suffered. Bibliography Text Books A Dignam and J Lowry. Company Law (Core Text Series). (Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2012). D French. S Mason. and C Ryan. Mason, French & Ryan on Company Law, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). L Jones. Introduction to Business Law. (Oxford: OUP Oxford, 2013). L Talbot, L. Critical Company Law, (London: Routledge, 2007). P P S Gonga. A Text Book of Company Law., (London: Chand, 2002). Journal Articles S Ghaiwal, S. ‘Chandler v Cape plc: Is there a chink in the corporate veil?’ (2012) Health and Safety at Work Newsletter, vol 18, no 3, 487-499. V V Watcher. ‘The Corporate Veil’ (2007) New Law Journal, vol. 990, no. 7218, 22-27. Legislation Partnership Act 1890 Cases Adams v Cape Industries plc [1990] Ch 433 CIT v City Mills Distilleries (P) Ltd (1996) 2 SCC 375 Khan v Miah, Ahad and Miah [2001] All ER Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd [1925] AC 619 Millam v Print Factory (London) 1991 Ltd [2007] EWCA Civ 322 M Young Legal Associates Ltd v Zahid [2006] EWCA Civ 613 Pirelli Cable Holding NV v IRC [2006] UKHL 4 Phonogram Ltd v Lane (1982) QB 938 Re Duomatic [1969] 2 Ch 365 Re English & Colonial Product Co (1906) 2 Ch 435 Salomon v Salomon [1987] AC 22 Sangster v Biddulph [2005] PNLR 33 Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Goldberg [2004] 1 BCLC 557